Organic chemistry

Question 1

Monomers are the individual unit of what?

Answer 1

polymers

Question 2

Explain a dehydration reaction…

Answer 2

two monomers are joined covalently to form a polymer, one monomer gives a hydroxyl group and the other gives a hydrogen atom to form water which is a product of the reaction

Question 3

Explain a hydrolysis reaction…

Answer 3

two monomers are broken apart from one another, water is added and one monomer gains a hydroxyl group and the other gains a hydrogen atom

Question 4

All sugars consist of…

Answer 4

a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups (location of the carbonyl group determines what kind of sugar)

Question 5

Explain hexose, triose and pentose…

Answer 5

Sugars can be classified based on the quantity of carbons in their skeleton (hexose-6, pentose-5, triose-3)

Question 6

Sugars are used for…

Answer 6

fuel in the cell, assembling other more complex molecules

Question 7

What is the plant cell form of storage for glucose?

Answer 7

starch (amylose- unbranched, amylopectin-branched)

Question 8

What is the animal storage form for glucose?

Answer 8

gylocogen

Question 9

What composes the plant cell wall?

Answer 9

cellulose which is made up of beta linkages in which humans are not able to break down therefore in passes as insoluable fiber

Question 10

Chitin

Answer 10

What comprises the fungal cell wall

Question 11

What form the neck of the lipid molecule?

Answer 11

glycerol (can be one, two or three fatty acids attached via ester linkages, assembled via dehydration reations)

Question 12

saturated fat vs unsaturated fat

Answer 12

saturated have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature, un-saturated fats contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

Question 13

How is energy best stored in the body?

Answer 13

In the form of fat.

Question 14

How many fatty acids are attached to a glycerol in a phosholipid

Answer 14

2 with one branched to allow fluidity in the membrane, the 3rd is used to attch the hydrophilic phosphate head

Question 15

Steroid

Answer 15

4 fused rings, includes sex hormones and cholesterol

Question 16

What is a proteins function?

Answer 16

Proteins have many functions, they work as enzymes, communicators, storage, defense molecules, transport, structure and movement

Question 17

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 17

20

Question 18

Amino acids are attached to one another via?

Answer 18

Peptide bonds

Question 19

What determines the type of amino acid?

Answer 19

the R group that bonds to the central carbon atom

Question 20

Explain the 4 different protein structures?

Answer 20

1) primary structure (amino acid chain)
2) secondary structure (hydrogen bonding resulting in either beta pleated sheets or alpha helix)
3) tertiary structure (interactions between R groups cause more folding to occur)
4) Quaternary structure (2 or more polypeptides join to form a functioning protein)

Question 21

What carries the information needed to build proteins?

Answer 21

DNA but it must be transcribed onto an RNA molecule first before forming amino acid chains

Question 22

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 22

Sugar (ribose-RNA, deoxyribose-DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine or uracil)

Question 23

What are purines?

Answer 23

adenine and guanine (double ring structure)

Question 24

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 24

cytosine, uracil (RNA only), thymine (DNA only) single ring structure

Question 25

How are nucleic acids linked together?

Answer 25

phosphate group attaches to the sugar of the next monomer via a dehydration reaction