Organic chemistry Flashcards
Monomers are the individual unit of what?
polymers
Explain a dehydration reaction…
two monomers are joined covalently to form a polymer, one monomer gives a hydroxyl group and the other gives a hydrogen atom to form water which is a product of the reaction
Explain a hydrolysis reaction…
two monomers are broken apart from one another, water is added and one monomer gains a hydroxyl group and the other gains a hydrogen atom
All sugars consist of…
a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups (location of the carbonyl group determines what kind of sugar)
Explain hexose, triose and pentose…
Sugars can be classified based on the quantity of carbons in their skeleton (hexose-6, pentose-5, triose-3)
Sugars are used for…
fuel in the cell, assembling other more complex molecules
What is the plant cell form of storage for glucose?
starch (amylose- unbranched, amylopectin-branched)
What is the animal storage form for glucose?
gylocogen
What composes the plant cell wall?
cellulose which is made up of beta linkages in which humans are not able to break down therefore in passes as insoluable fiber
Chitin
What comprises the fungal cell wall
What form the neck of the lipid molecule?
glycerol (can be one, two or three fatty acids attached via ester linkages, assembled via dehydration reations)
saturated fat vs unsaturated fat
saturated have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature, un-saturated fats contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature
How is energy best stored in the body?
In the form of fat.
How many fatty acids are attached to a glycerol in a phosholipid
2 with one branched to allow fluidity in the membrane, the 3rd is used to attch the hydrophilic phosphate head
Steroid
4 fused rings, includes sex hormones and cholesterol
What is a proteins function?
Proteins have many functions, they work as enzymes, communicators, storage, defense molecules, transport, structure and movement
How many amino acids are there?
20
Amino acids are attached to one another via?
Peptide bonds
What determines the type of amino acid?
the R group that bonds to the central carbon atom
Explain the 4 different protein structures?
1) primary structure (amino acid chain)
2) secondary structure (hydrogen bonding resulting in either beta pleated sheets or alpha helix)
3) tertiary structure (interactions between R groups cause more folding to occur)
4) Quaternary structure (2 or more polypeptides join to form a functioning protein)
What carries the information needed to build proteins?
DNA but it must be transcribed onto an RNA molecule first before forming amino acid chains
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar (ribose-RNA, deoxyribose-DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine or uracil)
What are purines?
adenine and guanine (double ring structure)
What are pyrimidines?
cytosine, uracil (RNA only), thymine (DNA only) single ring structure
