ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards
The study of structures, properties, composition, reactions, and preparations of carbon-containing compounds.
Organic Chemistry
Theory that states that only living things are capable of producing organic compounds.
Vital Force Theory
Occurence that disproved the vital force theory wherein ammonium was converted to ammonia then to ____.
Urea
C-H and C-C bonds are ____.
Polar or Non-polar
Non-polar
Poorly soluble in water
Carbon bonded with N, O, and S are ____.
Polar or Non-polar
Polar
Soluble in water
Carbon that contains four different functional groups.
Assymetrical/Chiral Carbon/Center
Bond that involves sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
Bond that involves transfer of electrons
Ionic Bond
List the diatomic elements.
- Hydrogen (H)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Oxygen (O)
- Fluorine (F)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Bromine (Br)
- Iodine (I)
HON + 4-INE
Same element in different forms
Allotropes
An organic bond represents ____.
a. transfer of electrons
b. a pair of shared electrons
b. a pair of shared electrons
The melting and boiling points of organic compounds are ____.
High or Low
Low
Organic compounds consisting of straight chains of saturated carbon atoms are called _____.
Aliphatic
Organic cyclic ring with an atom other than carbon
Heterocyclic
Property of some usually unstable organic molecules such as benzene; Have an extremely high resonance energy undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have delocalized pi-electrons.
Aromaticity
General formula for alkanes
C(n)H(2n+2)
General formula for alkynes
C(n)H(2n-2)
General formula for cycloalkenes
C(n)H(2n-2)
General formula for cycloalkynes
C(n)H(2n-4)
General formula for alkenes
C(n)H(2n)
General formula for cycloalkanes
C(n)H(2n)
Alkanes are ____ hydrocarbons.
Saturated or Unsaturated
Saturated
Alkanes float in water because they have a density of ____.
Less than 1
PHASES
Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms
Gas
PHASES
Alkanes with 5-16 carbon atoms
Liquid
PHASES
Alkanes with 17 and more carbon atoms
Solid
Alkanes are also called ____ which means little affinity.
Paraffins
“Parum Affins”
The two most important reactions of alkanes are ____ and ____.
Combustion, Halogenation
Complete combustion produces ____ and ____.
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Incomplete combustion produces ____.
Carbon Monoxide
Branched HC has ____ boiling point than straight chain or nHC.
Lower
Branching = Decreased Van Der Waals forces
3 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as local anesthetics
- Chloroethane
- Chloromethane
- Chloroform
4 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as insecticides
- DDT
- Chlordane
- Kepone
- Lindane
Sometimes referred to as acetylenes
Alkynes
Alkenes are also called ____ or ____.
Ethylene, Olefins
This is used for artificial ripening of fruits.
Ethylene
____ are used as fuels and anti-knock fuels.
Alkenes
Benzene ring + CH3
Toluene
Benzene ring + OH
Phenol
Benzene ring + NH2
Aniline
Benzene ring + CN
Benzonitrile
Benzene ring + CHO
Benzaldehyde
Benzene ring + COOH
Benzoic Acid
Benzene ring + CH3-C=O
Acetophenone
Benzene ring + CH=CH2
Styrene
Benzene ring + CH3 + CH3
Ortho-xylene
Test for the presence of cyanide group
Picrate Paper Test/Hager’s Test
Characterized the six-member aromatic ring
August Kekule
Test for the measure of unsaturation
Bayer’s Test
Test for the measure of unsaturation that produces a colorless solution
Bromine Test
Colorless = Unsaturated
Test for tannins
Ferric Chloride Test
Friedel-Craft Test:
____ + aromatic compounds -> ____ (catalyst) -> ____ (Brightly-colored Product)
- Chloroform
- Aluminum Chloride
- Triarylmethane
Bromination is also called ____.
Halogenation
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethene converted to ethane with H2, heat, and Ni catalyst
Hydrogenation
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethene converted to alcohol with H2O (steam)
Hydration
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Alkane converted to alkene using heat and catalyst
Cracking
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethanol converted to carboxylic acid via fermentation or acidified potassium permanganate
Oxidation
Yeast contains ____ enzymes, which converts carbohydrates (glucose) into ethanol + CO2 in wine making.
Zymase
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of a hydrogen halide
Hydrohalogenation
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of hydrogen
Hydrogenation
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of a halogen
Halogenation
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of water
Hydration
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Replacing a hydrogen
Substitution
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Burning in oxygen
Combustion
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Joining unsaturated molecules together
Polymerization
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Adding atoms
Addition
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation ____ both oxygen and electrons and ____ hydrogen.
Increases or Decreases
Increase, Decrease
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of primary alcohol produces ____.
Aldehyde
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of aldehyde produces ____.
Carboxylic Acid
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of secondary alcohol produces ____.
Ketone
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Reduction ____ electron and oxygen and ____ hydrogen.
Increases or Decreases
Decreases, Increases
Most common toxicity associated with aniline
Hepatotoxicity
CH3CH2COOCH3 is what type of organic compound
Ester
Two dehydrated carboxylic acid
Acid anhydride
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 is what type of organic compound
Ketone
GENERAL FORMULA
R-O-R
Ether
GENERAL FORMULA
Ar-OH
Phenol
GENERAL FORMULA
C=C–OH
Enol
GENERAL FORMULA
R2-C=NR
Imine
GENERAL FORMULA
O=C–N–C=O
Imide
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CHO
Aldehyde
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-R
Ketone
GENERAL FORMULA
R-NH2
Amine
GENERAL FORMULA
R-COOH
Carboxylic Acid
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-X
Acid Halide
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-NH2
Acid Amide
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-O-CO-R’
Acid Anhyride
GENERAL FORMULA
R-COOR’
Ester
GENERAL FORMULA
R-NO2
Nitro
GENERAL FORMULA
R-N=O
Nitroso
GENERAL FORMULA
R-CN
Nitrile (Cyanide)
GENERAL FORMULA
-(N+)N
Diazo
GENERAL FORMULA
R-NHNH2
Hydrazino
GENERAL FORMULA
R-SH
Mercaptan (Thiol)
GENERAL FORMULA
R-S-R
Thioether
TRIVIAL ROOTS
1 Carbon
Form-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
2 Carbons
Acet-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
5 Carbons
Valer-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
6 Carbons
Capro-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
7 Carbons
Enanth-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
8 Carbons
Capryl-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
9 Carbons
Pelargon-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
10 Carbons
Capr-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
3 Carbons
Propion-
TRIVIAL ROOTS
4 Carbons
Butyr-
Organic compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas are called ____.
Isomers
ISOMERS
Isomers with different atom to atom bonding sequencing
Constitutional or Structural Isomers
ISOMERS
Compounds that differ in the arrangement of carbons
Chain/Skeletal Isomers
ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in the position of a non-carbon group
Positional Isomers
ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in the functional group (same formula, different structures)
Functional Isomers
ISOMERS
2-pentanol and 3-pentanol are ____ isomers.
Positional
ISOMERS
Same formula, different connectivity
Constitutional or Structural Isomers
ISOMERS
Same formula and connectivity, different arrangement
Stereoisomers
ISOMERS
Mirror images
Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs
ISOMERS
Not mirror images
Diastereomers
ISOMERS
Compounds that can be interconverted by the breaking of chemical bond
Configurational or Inversional Isomers
ISOMERS
Interconvert easily at room temperature through rotation about single bond
Conformational Isomers
ISOMERS
Rotate the plane polarized light in the opposite direction
Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs
ISOMERS
Enantiomers differ from one another in ____.
Spatial Configuration
ISOMERS
Differ from each other in the orientation of atoms/groups on a carbon-carbon double bond or in a ring
Geometric Isomers
(Cis-Trans)
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Substance rotates polarized light to the left
Levorotatory (-)
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Substance rotates polarized light to the right
Dextrorotatory (+)
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Equipment that measures optical activity
Polarimeter
Determines R or S designation of enantiomers
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System
The only amino acid that has no chiral center.
Glycine
Diastereomers that differ only in the position of moieties at the first carbon atom
Anomers
Isomers that differ from each other in the position of a hydrogen
Thus, rearranging the bond
Tautomers
Most abundant organic substance on earth
Cellulose
Alpha-beta structures
Anomers
Molecules are superimposable on their mirror images, even though they contain chiral centers
Meso Compound
Mixture of equimolar concentration of enantiomers in a solution
Racemic Mixture
Form of thalidomide that is a good analgesic and anti-motion sickness
R-enantiomer
Form of thalidomide that is a teratogen and causes phocomelia
Also being investigated as an anti-cancer drug
S-enantiomer
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Disappearance of orange
TEST FOR UNSATURATION
Bromine Water Test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Decolorization of pink
TEST FOR UNSATURATION
Bayer’s Test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium metal test
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Effervescence
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Esterification
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Fruity odor
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Red color
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test
CAB Test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
White fumes
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Acetyl Chloride
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Iodoform Test
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Yellow ppt
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Lucas test
TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Cloudiness in solution
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Litmus test
TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Blue litmus paper turns red
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Ferric Chloride test
TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Violet color
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Deep blue or green color
TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Leibermanns’s Test
For Cholesterol
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Pink color in alkali solution
TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Phthalein Dye Test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Yellow or orange crystals
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS
2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium bisulfite test
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS
White crystalline ppt
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Pink color
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Schiff’s test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Tollen’s test
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Silver mirror
Liberation of elemental silver
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Fehling’s test
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Red ppt
Reduction from cupric to cuprous
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Violet color that disappears
TEST FOR KETONES
m-Dinitrobenzene test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium Nitroprusside test
TEST FOR KETONES
Red color
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium Bicarbonate test
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Formation of gas
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Fruity odor
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Esterification
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Blue paper turns red
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Litmus test
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Litmus test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Red litmus paper turns to blue
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Solubility test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Soluble in acid
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Carbylamine test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Unpleasant odor
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Azo Dye test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Red color
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Nitrous Acid test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Liberation of gas;
Yellow oily layer
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Hinsberg test
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Formation of ppt
Produces the fruity odor during esterification
Ethyl Acetate
The bubbles during effervescence are caused by ____.
Carbon Dioxide
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for alcholic group.
- Sodium metal test
- Esterification
- Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test
- Iodoform Test
- Acetyl Chloride
- Lucas test
SECIAL = ALCOHOL
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for unsaturation.
- Bayer’s Test
- Bromine Water test
BABU = Unsaturation
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for phenolic groups.
- Ferric Chloride test
- Leibermanns’s Test
- Litmus test
- Phthalein Dye Test
FERLLIPH = Phenolic
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for aldehyde and ketone groups.
- 2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test
- Sodium bisulfite test
DIPSOBALK
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for aldehyde.
- Fehling’s test
- Schiff’s test
- Tollen’s test
AL FEHSTO
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for ketones.
- Sodium Nitroprusside test
- m-Dintrobenzene test
SONDIN = Ketone
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for amino group.
- Azo Dye test
- Solubility test
- Nitrous Acid test
- Carbylamine test
- Litmus test
- Hinsberg test
ASol NA Car LH
TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for carboxylic group.
- Sodium Bicarbonate test
- Esterification
- Litmus test
SO B ELIT
