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ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of structures, properties, composition, reactions, and preparations of carbon-containing compounds.

A

Organic Chemistry

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2
Q

Theory that states that only living things are capable of producing organic compounds.

A

Vital Force Theory

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3
Q

Occurence that disproved the vital force theory wherein ammonium was converted to ammonia then to ____.

A

Urea

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4
Q

C-H and C-C bonds are ____.

Polar or Non-polar

A

Non-polar

Poorly soluble in water

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5
Q

Carbon bonded with N, O, and S are ____.

Polar or Non-polar

A

Polar

Soluble in water

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6
Q

Carbon that contains four different functional groups.

A

Assymetrical/Chiral Carbon/Center

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7
Q

Bond that involves sharing of electrons

A

Covalent Bond

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8
Q

Bond that involves transfer of electrons

A

Ionic Bond

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9
Q

List the diatomic elements.

A
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Fluorine (F)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Bromine (Br)
  • Iodine (I)

HON + 4-INE

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10
Q

Same element in different forms

A

Allotropes

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11
Q

An organic bond represents ____.
a. transfer of electrons
b. a pair of shared electrons

A

b. a pair of shared electrons

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12
Q

The melting and boiling points of organic compounds are ____.

High or Low

A

Low

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13
Q

Organic compounds consisting of straight chains of saturated carbon atoms are called _____.

A

Aliphatic

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14
Q

Organic cyclic ring with an atom other than carbon

A

Heterocyclic

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15
Q

Property of some usually unstable organic molecules such as benzene; Have an extremely high resonance energy undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have delocalized pi-electrons.

A

Aromaticity

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16
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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17
Q

General formula for alkynes

A

C(n)H(2n-2)

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18
Q

General formula for cycloalkenes

A

C(n)H(2n-2)

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19
Q

General formula for cycloalkynes

A

C(n)H(2n-4)

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20
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n)

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21
Q

General formula for cycloalkanes

A

C(n)H(2n)

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22
Q

Alkanes are ____ hydrocarbons.

Saturated or Unsaturated

A

Saturated

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23
Q

Alkanes float in water because they have a density of ____.

A

Less than 1

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24
Q

PHASES

Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms

A

Gas

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25
Q

PHASES

Alkanes with 5-16 carbon atoms

A

Liquid

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26
Q

PHASES

Alkanes with 17 and more carbon atoms

A

Solid

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27
Q

Alkanes are also called ____ which means little affinity.

A

Paraffins

“Parum Affins”

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28
Q

The two most important reactions of alkanes are ____ and ____.

A

Combustion, Halogenation

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29
Q

Complete combustion produces ____ and ____.

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

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30
Q

Incomplete combustion produces ____.

A

Carbon Monoxide

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31
Q

Branched HC has ____ boiling point than straight chain or nHC.

A

Lower

Branching = Decreased Van Der Waals forces

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32
Q

3 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as local anesthetics

A
  1. Chloroethane
  2. Chloromethane
  3. Chloroform
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33
Q

4 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as insecticides

A
  1. DDT
  2. Chlordane
  3. Kepone
  4. Lindane
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34
Q

Sometimes referred to as acetylenes

A

Alkynes

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35
Q

Alkenes are also called ____ or ____.

A

Ethylene, Olefins

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36
Q

This is used for artificial ripening of fruits.

A

Ethylene

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37
Q

____ are used as fuels and anti-knock fuels.

A

Alkenes

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38
Q

Benzene ring + CH3

A

Toluene

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39
Q

Benzene ring + OH

A

Phenol

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40
Q

Benzene ring + NH2

A

Aniline

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41
Q

Benzene ring + CN

A

Benzonitrile

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42
Q

Benzene ring + CHO

A

Benzaldehyde

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43
Q

Benzene ring + COOH

A

Benzoic Acid

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44
Q

Benzene ring + CH3-C=O

A

Acetophenone

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45
Q

Benzene ring + CH=CH2

A

Styrene

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46
Q

Benzene ring + CH3 + CH3

A

Ortho-xylene

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47
Q

Test for the presence of cyanide group

A

Picrate Paper Test/Hager’s Test

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48
Q

Characterized the six-member aromatic ring

A

August Kekule

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49
Q

Test for the measure of unsaturation

A

Bayer’s Test

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50
Q

Test for the measure of unsaturation that produces a colorless solution

A

Bromine Test

Colorless = Unsaturated

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51
Q

Test for tannins

A

Ferric Chloride Test

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52
Q

Friedel-Craft Test:

____ + aromatic compounds -> ____ (catalyst) -> ____ (Brightly-colored Product)

A
  • Chloroform
  • Aluminum Chloride
  • Triarylmethane
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53
Q

Bromination is also called ____.

A

Halogenation

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54
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Ethene converted to ethane with H2, heat, and Ni catalyst

A

Hydrogenation

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55
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Ethene converted to alcohol with H2O (steam)

A

Hydration

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56
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Alkane converted to alkene using heat and catalyst

A

Cracking

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57
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Ethanol converted to carboxylic acid via fermentation or acidified potassium permanganate

A

Oxidation

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58
Q

Yeast contains ____ enzymes, which converts carbohydrates (glucose) into ethanol + CO2 in wine making.

A

Zymase

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59
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Addition of a hydrogen halide

A

Hydrohalogenation

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60
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Addition of hydrogen

A

Hydrogenation

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61
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Addition of a halogen

A

Halogenation

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62
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Addition of water

A

Hydration

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63
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Replacing a hydrogen

A

Substitution

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64
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Burning in oxygen

A

Combustion

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65
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Joining unsaturated molecules together

A

Polymerization

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66
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Adding atoms

A

Addition

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67
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Oxidation ____ both oxygen and electrons and ____ hydrogen.

Increases or Decreases

A

Increase, Decrease

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68
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Oxidation of primary alcohol produces ____.

A

Aldehyde

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69
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Oxidation of aldehyde produces ____.

A

Carboxylic Acid

70
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Oxidation of secondary alcohol produces ____.

A

Ketone

71
Q

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Reduction ____ electron and oxygen and ____ hydrogen.

Increases or Decreases

A

Decreases, Increases

72
Q

Most common toxicity associated with aniline

A

Hepatotoxicity

73
Q

CH3CH2COOCH3 is what type of organic compound

A

Ester

74
Q

Two dehydrated carboxylic acid

A

Acid anhydride

75
Q

CH3CH2COCH2CH3 is what type of organic compound

A

Ketone

76
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-O-R

A

Ether

77
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

Ar-OH

A

Phenol

78
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

C=C–OH

A

Enol

79
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R2-C=NR

A

Imine

80
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

O=C–N–C=O

A

Imide

81
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CHO

A

Aldehyde

82
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CO-R

A

Ketone

83
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-NH2

A

Amine

84
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-COOH

A

Carboxylic Acid

85
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CO-X

A

Acid Halide

86
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CO-NH2

A

Acid Amide

87
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CO-O-CO-R’

A

Acid Anhyride

88
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-COOR’

A

Ester

89
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-NO2

A

Nitro

90
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-N=O

A

Nitroso

91
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-CN

A

Nitrile (Cyanide)

92
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

-(N+)N

A

Diazo

93
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-NHNH2

A

Hydrazino

94
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-SH

A

Mercaptan (Thiol)

95
Q

GENERAL FORMULA

R-S-R

A

Thioether

96
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

1 Carbon

A

Form-

97
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

2 Carbons

A

Acet-

98
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

5 Carbons

A

Valer-

99
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

6 Carbons

A

Capro-

100
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

7 Carbons

A

Enanth-

101
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

8 Carbons

A

Capryl-

102
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

9 Carbons

A

Pelargon-

103
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

10 Carbons

A

Capr-

104
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

3 Carbons

A

Propion-

105
Q

TRIVIAL ROOTS

4 Carbons

A

Butyr-

106
Q

Organic compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas are called ____.

A

Isomers

107
Q

ISOMERS

Isomers with different atom to atom bonding sequencing

A

Constitutional or Structural Isomers

108
Q

ISOMERS

Compounds that differ in the arrangement of carbons

A

Chain/Skeletal Isomers

109
Q

ISOMERS

Isomers that differ in the position of a non-carbon group

A

Positional Isomers

110
Q

ISOMERS

Isomers that differ in the functional group (same formula, different structures)

A

Functional Isomers

111
Q

ISOMERS

2-pentanol and 3-pentanol are ____ isomers.

A

Positional

112
Q

ISOMERS

Same formula, different connectivity

A

Constitutional or Structural Isomers

113
Q

ISOMERS

Same formula and connectivity, different arrangement

A

Stereoisomers

114
Q

ISOMERS

Mirror images

A

Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs

115
Q

ISOMERS

Not mirror images

A

Diastereomers

116
Q

ISOMERS

Compounds that can be interconverted by the breaking of chemical bond

A

Configurational or Inversional Isomers

117
Q

ISOMERS

Interconvert easily at room temperature through rotation about single bond

A

Conformational Isomers

118
Q

ISOMERS

Rotate the plane polarized light in the opposite direction

A

Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs

119
Q

ISOMERS

Enantiomers differ from one another in ____.

A

Spatial Configuration

120
Q

ISOMERS

Differ from each other in the orientation of atoms/groups on a carbon-carbon double bond or in a ring

A

Geometric Isomers

(Cis-Trans)

121
Q

OPTICAL ACTIVITY

Substance rotates polarized light to the left

A

Levorotatory (-)

122
Q

OPTICAL ACTIVITY

Substance rotates polarized light to the right

A

Dextrorotatory (+)

123
Q

OPTICAL ACTIVITY

Equipment that measures optical activity

A

Polarimeter

124
Q

Determines R or S designation of enantiomers

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System

125
Q

The only amino acid that has no chiral center.

A

Glycine

126
Q

Diastereomers that differ only in the position of moieties at the first carbon atom

A

Anomers

127
Q

Isomers that differ from each other in the position of a hydrogen

Thus, rearranging the bond

A

Tautomers

128
Q

Most abundant organic substance on earth

A

Cellulose

129
Q

Alpha-beta structures

A

Anomers

130
Q

Molecules are superimposable on their mirror images, even though they contain chiral centers

A

Meso Compound

131
Q

Mixture of equimolar concentration of enantiomers in a solution

A

Racemic Mixture

132
Q

Form of thalidomide that is a good analgesic and anti-motion sickness

A

R-enantiomer

133
Q

Form of thalidomide that is a teratogen and causes phocomelia

Also being investigated as an anti-cancer drug

A

S-enantiomer

134
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Disappearance of orange

TEST FOR UNSATURATION

A

Bromine Water Test

135
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Decolorization of pink

TEST FOR UNSATURATION

A

Bayer’s Test

136
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Sodium metal test

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Effervescence

137
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Esterification

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Fruity odor

138
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Red color

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test

CAB Test

139
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

White fumes

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Acetyl Chloride

140
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Iodoform Test

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Yellow ppt

141
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Lucas test

TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP

A

Cloudiness in solution

142
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Litmus test

TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS

A

Blue litmus paper turns red

143
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Ferric Chloride test

TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS

A

Violet color

144
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Deep blue or green color

TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS

A

Leibermanns’s Test

For Cholesterol

145
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Pink color in alkali solution

TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS

A

Phthalein Dye Test

146
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Yellow or orange crystals

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS

A

2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test

147
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Sodium bisulfite test

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS

A

White crystalline ppt

148
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Pink color

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE

A

Schiff’s test

149
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Tollen’s test

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE

A

Silver mirror

Liberation of elemental silver

150
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Fehling’s test

TEST FOR ALDEHYDE

A

Red ppt

Reduction from cupric to cuprous

151
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Violet color that disappears

TEST FOR KETONES

A

m-Dinitrobenzene test

152
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Sodium Nitroprusside test

TEST FOR KETONES

A

Red color

153
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Sodium Bicarbonate test

TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP

A

Formation of gas

154
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Fruity odor

TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP

A

Esterification

155
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Blue paper turns red

TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP

A

Litmus test

156
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Litmus test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Red litmus paper turns to blue

157
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Solubility test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Soluble in acid

158
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Carbylamine test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Unpleasant odor

159
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Azo Dye test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Red color

160
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Nitrous Acid test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Liberation of gas;
Yellow oily layer

161
Q

TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Hinsberg test

TEST FOR AMINO GROUP

A

Formation of ppt

162
Q

Produces the fruity odor during esterification

A

Ethyl Acetate

163
Q

The bubbles during effervescence are caused by ____.

A

Carbon Dioxide

164
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for alcholic group.

A
  1. Sodium metal test
  2. Esterification
  3. Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test
  4. Iodoform Test
  5. Acetyl Chloride
  6. Lucas test

SECIAL = ALCOHOL

165
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for unsaturation.

A
  1. Bayer’s Test
  2. Bromine Water test

BABU = Unsaturation

166
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for phenolic groups.

A
  1. Ferric Chloride test
  2. Leibermanns’s Test
  3. Litmus test
  4. Phthalein Dye Test

FERLLIPH = Phenolic

167
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for aldehyde and ketone groups.

A
  1. 2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test
  2. Sodium bisulfite test

DIPSOBALK

168
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for aldehyde.

A
  1. Fehling’s test
  2. Schiff’s test
  3. Tollen’s test

AL FEHSTO

169
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for ketones.

A
  1. Sodium Nitroprusside test
  2. m-Dintrobenzene test

SONDIN = Ketone

170
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for amino group.

A
  1. Azo Dye test
  2. Solubility test
  3. Nitrous Acid test
  4. Carbylamine test
  5. Litmus test
  6. Hinsberg test

ASol NA Car LH

171
Q

TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Enumerate the tests for carboxylic group.

A
  1. Sodium Bicarbonate test
  2. Esterification
  3. Litmus test

SO B ELIT

MEDICINAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (17 decks)

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