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MEDICINAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > ANTIBIOTICS > Flashcards

ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

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1
Q

He introduced the concept of survival of the fittest, “antibiosis”.

A

Vuillemin

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2
Q

“An antibiotic or antibiotic substance is a substance produced by microorganisms, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms.”

A

S.A. Waksman

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3
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Penicillin/Cephalosphorins

A

Antibiotic destruction or modification

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4
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Tetracyclines

A

Antibiotic efflux

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5
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Macrolides

A

Alteration or replacement of targets

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6
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Penicillin/Cephalosporins

Identify the enzyme activity.

A

Cleavage by beta-lactamase

Antibiotic destruction or modification

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7
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Macrolides

Identify the enzyme activity.

A

rRNA methylation

Alteration or replacement of targets

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8
Q

MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Tetracyclines

Identify the enzyme activity.

A

Efflux by TetA

Antibiotic efflux

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9
Q

TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Site of action:
Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

-Cidal or -Static

A

-Cidal

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10
Q

TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Site of action:
Ribosomes, 50s

-Cidal or -Static

A

-Static

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11
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Bacitracin

A

Cell Wall

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12
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Cephalosphorins

A

Cell Wall

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13
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Penicillins

A

Cell Wall

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14
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Vancomycin

A

Cell Wall

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15
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Teicoplanin

A

Cell Wall

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16
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Amphotericin B

A

Cell Membrane

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17
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Nystatin

A

Cell Membrane

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18
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Polymyxins

A

Cell Membrane

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19
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Chloramphenicol (CMC)

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Erythromycins

A

50s

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21
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Lincomycins

A

50s

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22
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Pancidals

A

DNA/RNA

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23
Q

SITE OF ACTION

Anti-cancers

A

DNA/RNA

Pancidals

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24
Q

4-membered cyclic amide

A

B-lactam ring

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25
Q

B-LACTAMS

B-lactam antibiotics have potent and rapid bactericidal action against bacteria in the ____ phase

A

Growth

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26
Q

PENICILLINS

First biosynthetic penicillin

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin
(Pen V)

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27
Q

PENICILLINS

Earliest known antibiotic (historical prototype)

A

Benzyl penicillin (Pen G)

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28
Q

PENICILLINS

Commercial source of penicillin

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

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29
Q

PENICILLINS

Source of penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming

A

Penicillium notatum

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30
Q

PENICILLINS

Pen G Sodium units

A

1667 units

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31
Q

PENICILLINS

Pen G Procaine units

A

1009 units

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32
Q

PENICILLINS

Pen G Potassium units

A

1530 units

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33
Q

PENICILLINS

Antidote for penicillin anaphylaxis

A

Epinephrine

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34
Q

PENICILLINS

Hepatotoxic penicillin

A

Isoxazoyl penicillin

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35
Q

PENICILLINS

How can penicillin cause adverse effect?

A

Open beta lactam ring -> Reactive Penicilloyl group

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36
Q

PENICILLINS

Two penicillins in repository (depot) form

A
  1. Procaine
  2. Benzathine
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37
Q

PENICILLINS

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins

A
  1. Carboxy
  2. Ureido
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38
Q

PENICILLINS

Penicillinase-sensitive, acid sensitive

A
  1. Pen G
  2. Mezlocillin
  3. Carbenicillin
  4. Ticarcillin
  5. Piperacillin

G MEZ CAR TI PIP

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39
Q

PENICILLINS

Penicillinase-sensitive, acid resistant

A
  1. Pen V
  2. Ampicillin
  3. Amoxicillin
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40
Q

PENICILLINS

Penicillinase-resistant, acid sensitive

A

Methicillin

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41
Q

PENICILLINS

Penicillinase-resistant, acid resistant

A
  1. Oxacillin
  2. Cloxacillin
  3. Dicloxacillin

Isoxazoyl penicillins

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42
Q

PENICILLINS

Nafcillin

acid resistant or acid sensitive

A

Acid Resistant

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43
Q

PENICILLINS

2nd synthetic, can cause interstitial nephritis

A

Methicillin

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44
Q

PENICILLINS

Type of penicillins with narrow spectrum of activity and active against G+ cocci

A

Penicillinase-resistant

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45
Q

PENICILLINS

Isostere of carbenicillin that has greater potency against P. aeruginosa & Bacteroides

A

Ticarcillin

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46
Q

PENICILLINS

Carboxypenicillins for UTI

Extended spectrum penicillins

A

Carbenicillin
(Disodium and Indanyl sodium salts)

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47
Q

PENICILLINS

Acylureidopenicillins

Extended spectrum penicillins

A
  1. Mezlocillin
  2. Piperacillin
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48
Q

PENICILLINS

Macrolides used as penicillin substitute

A
  1. Erythromycin
  2. Clarithromycin

For G(+)

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49
Q

PENICILLINS

Quinolones used as penicillin substitute

A
  1. Ciprofloxacin
  2. Lovofloxacin

For G(+)

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50
Q

PENICILLINS

Other penicillin substitutes

A
  1. Fusidic acid
  2. Rifampicin
  3. Clindamycin

For G(+)

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51
Q

PENICILLINS

Used as penicillin substitute for serious infections

A

Glycopeptides

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52
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

B-lactamase inhibitors are known as ____.

A

Suicide Substrates

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53
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Have a heteroatom (S,O) leaving group at position 1

A

Class 1 β-lactamase inhibitors

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54
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Clavulanic Acid + ____

Penicillin

A

Amoxicillin

Co-Amoxiclav

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55
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Sulbactam + ____

Penicillin

A

Ampicillin

Sultamicillin

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56
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Tazobactam + ____

A

Piperacillin

Piptaz

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57
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Imipenem / Cilastatin inhibits ____

A

DPH-1

Dehydropeptidase 1

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58
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

2nd Generation Carbapenems

A
  1. Meropenem
  2. Biapenem
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59
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

N-formimidoylthienamycin

A

Imipenem

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60
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

Used for septicemia or sepsis

A

Imipenem

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61
Q

B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

____ has the largest/broadest spectrum of activity and has no cross sensitivity with other beta lactamases.

A

Imipenem

62
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Monobactams began with the independent isolation of ____.

A

Sulfazecin

63
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Monobactams have synergistic effect with ____

A

Aminoglycosides

Penicillin increase entry

64
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Relatively resistant to beta-lactamases and active against Gram ____ rods

A

(-)

65
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Orally active

A

Tigemonam

66
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Poor oral bioavailability and relatively non-toxic

A

Aztreonam

67
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Monobactam interaction with static drugs

A

Antagonism

68
Q

MONOBACTAMS

Monobactam interaction with probenecid

A

Potentiation

Inhibits renal excretion of penicillin

69
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Steroid with minimal antibacterial activity

THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

A

Cephalosporin P1

70
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Gram Negative > Gram Positive

THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

A

Cephalosporin N
(Penicillin N)

71
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Dihydrothiazine ring

THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

A

Cephalosporin C

72
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Cephalosphorins can be pyrogenic if administered ____.

A

IV/IM

73
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

3 Disulfiram-ike cephalosphorins with bleeding problems (warfarin-like)

A
  1. Cefamandole
  2. Cefotetan
  3. Cefoperazone
74
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

1st generation cephalosphorins have the highest activity against ____.

A

Gram (+)

75
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

4th generation cephalosphorins have the highest activity against ____.

A

Gram (-)

76
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Generations of cephalosphorins that do not cross the BBB

Identify the generation.

A

1st, 2nd

77
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Inactive against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) caused by staph bacteria

Identify the generation.

A

1st

78
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

PEcK
* Proteus mirabilis
* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Klebsiella pneumoniae

Identify the generation.

A

1st

79
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

HENPEcK
* Haemophilus influenza (H. influenza)
* Enterobacteriaceae
* Neisseria spp.

Identify the generation.

A

2nd

80
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Active against Citrobacter, Providencia

Identify the generation.

A

3rd

81
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

HENPEcKSSS
* Shigella
* Salmonella
* Serratia

Identify the generation.

A

3rd

82
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

More resistant to hydrolysis by chromosomal beta-lactamase

Identify the generation.

A

4th

83
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

PESS
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Enterobacter
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Staphylococcal pneumoniae

Identify the generation.

A

4th

84
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

ESKAPE
* Enterococcus faecium
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Klebsiella pneumonia
* Acinetobacter baumannii
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Enterobacter spp.

Identify the generation.

A

5th

85
Q

CEPHALOSPORINS

Cephalosphorins has cross sensitivity with ____.

A

Penicillins

86
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

First aminoglycoside antibiotic to be in chemotherapy

A

Streptomycin

87
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

2 adverse effects of aminoglycosides

A
  1. Nephrotoxic
  2. Ototoxic

AmiNOglycosides

88
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Bacteriostatic MOA of aminoglycosides

A

30s ribosome binding

89
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Bacteriocidal MOA of aminoglycosides

A

misreading of mRNA

90
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Aminoglycosides are mainly used to treat nosocomial infections and against gram ____ bacteria

A

(-)

91
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Neuromuscular blockade by aminooglycosides can be managed by ____ and ____.

A

Calcium gluconate and Neostigmine

92
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Aminooglycosides have ____ effect with Beta-Lactams

A

Synergistic

93
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Aminooglycosides have ____ effect with CMC

A

Antagonistic

94
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Streptomycin

Identify the source.

A

Streptomyces griseus

95
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Neomycin

Identify the source.

A

Streptomyces fradiae

96
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Paromomycin

Identify the source.

A

Streptomyces rimosus

97
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Kanamycin

Identify the source.

A

Streptomyces kanamyceticus

98
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Tobramycin

Identify the source.

A

Streptomyces tenebrarius

99
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Gentamicin

Identify the source.

A

Micromonospora purpurea

100
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

First anti-TB antibiotic

A

Streptomycin

101
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Anti-amebic

A

Paromycin

102
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

For Bacillary Dysentery

A

Kanamycin

103
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Most active nebramycin useful for conjuctivity

A

Tobramycin

104
Q

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Gentamycin dosing:
5 or 7mg/kg (____ nomogram)

A

Hartford

105
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines are isolated from ____.

A

Streptomyces spp.

106
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Short-acting Tetracyclines

A
  1. Tetracycline
  2. Oxytetracycline

TO-S

107
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Intermediate-acting Tetracyclines

A
  1. Limecycline
  2. Demelocycline

L-I-D

108
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Long-acting Tetracyclines

A
  1. Doxycycline
  2. Minocycline

L-DM

109
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines are ____.

-static or -cidal

A

-Static

110
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines are derivatives of ____.

A

Octahydronaphthacene

111
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines can chelate except ____.

A

Doxycycline

112
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines can cause ____ in children.

Contraindicated for children under 7 years old.

A

Hypoplasia

113
Q

TETRACYCLINES

MOA of tetracyclines

A

30s binding

114
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Eradication of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal meningococcal carrier

A

Minocycline

115
Q

TETRACYCLINES

For gonococcal infection

A

Doxycycline

116
Q

TETRACYCLINES

For chronic hyponatremia in SIADH

A

Demelocycline

117
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines are used as prophylaxis for ____.

Doxycycline or Minocycline

A

Acne

118
Q

TETRACYCLINES

Tetracyclines are drugs of choice for ____, ____, and ____.

A
  1. Mycoplasma pneumonia
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Rickettsial infections
119
Q

Class of antibiotics which has a large lactone ring, ketone group, and glycosidically-linked amino sugar

A

Macrolides

120
Q

MACROLIDES

MOA of macrolides

A

50s binding

121
Q

MACROLIDES

Macrolides are isolated from ____.

A

Actinomyces

122
Q

MACROLIDES

Macrolides has the same spectrum of activity as ____ and is - ____ at high doses.

A

Penicillins, -cidal

123
Q

MACROLIDES

Inactivated by gastric acid

A

Erythromycin

124
Q

MACROLIDES

For Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and H. pylori

A

Clarithromycin

125
Q

MACROLIDES

Co-drug of choice for chlamydia

+ Tetracylines (Doxycycline)

A

Azithromycin

126
Q

MACROLIDES

Sulfur-containing macrolide

A

Lincomycin

127
Q

MACROLIDES

Macrolides can cause arrhythmia when taken with ____ and ____.

A
  1. Terfenadine
  2. Astemizole
128
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Polypeptides are the most powerful bactericidal antibiotics characterized by the presence of sever ____ linkages

A

– CONH

129
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

2 adverse effects of polypeptides

A
  1. Neurotoxicity
  2. Nephrotoxicity
130
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis (PO)

A

Vancomycin

131
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Adverse effect of vancomycin that is characterized by flushing due to histamine release caused by rapid infusion

A

“Red man” Syndrome

Na-experience ni sir

132
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Source of vancomycin

A

Strep. orientalis

133
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

MOA of vancomycin

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibition

Dala-D-ala terminus

134
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Mechanism of resistance of vancomycin

A

Replacement of terminal D-ala with d-lactate

135
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Teicoplanin is from ____.

A

Actinoplanes teichomyceticus

136
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

MOA of teicoplanin

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibition

peptidoglycan layer

137
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Bacitracin is isolated from ____.

A

Bacillus subtillis

138
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Bacitracin has enhanced activity with ____.

Topical only

A

Zinc

139
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Polymyxin B is isolated from ____.

A

Bacillus polymyxa

140
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Colistin is isolated from ____.

A

Aerobacillus colistinus

141
Q

POLYPEPTIDES

Gramicidin A is isolated from ____.

A

Bacillus brevis

142
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

Drug of choice for typhoid fever

A

Chloramphenicol

143
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

MOA of chloramphenicol

A

50s inhibition

144
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

Chloramphenicol has a ____ group used for broad spectrum, life-threatening infections.

A

Nitro

145
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

Chloramphenicol can cause ____ in infants.

A

Gray baby syndrome (cyanosis)

146
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

MOA of mupirocin

Topical

A

Interference with RNA and protein synthesis

147
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

MOA of linezolid

A

Protein synthesis inhibition

30S and 70S binding

148
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

MOA of fosfomycin tromethamine

A

NAM synthesis inhibition

149
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

Analog of PEP that is used for uncomplicated UTI for female only

PEP = female

A

Fosfomycin tromethamine

150
Q

UNCLASSIFIED

MOA of Quinupristin (Dalfopristin)

A

50s binding

151
Q

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Clarithromycin
  3. Erythromycin estolate
  4. TCNs

ACET

MEDICINAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (17 decks)

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