Organic Flashcards
what is stronger, hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole or London dispersion forces
hydrogen bonding > dipole/dipole > London
what are the solvency laws
like dissolves like
polar dissolves ionic
is O==H polar or non-polar
polar because O takes the electrons
what is electrophilic addition
In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds.
what is markovnikov’s rule
new H goes to side with many Hs
the electronegative element will bond to the carbon with more groups
what is more stable - a primary or secondary carbocation
secondary (more electrons can be given)
can you sub a H attached to a C
no, need an O or N
can C have >4 bonds
no
what happens when a haloalkane reacts with NaOH
what will the product be
the OH will replace the halogens bond & the Na would attach with the halogen
product will be alcohol
in Markovnikov’s rule where does the H attach
the side with the least Hs
in Markovnikov’s rule where does the hydroxl group attach
the side with more hydroxl groups
what is oxidation
the loss of H and gain of O
how do primary alcohols oxidise
alcohol==> aldehyde group ==> carboxylic group e.g.
C–C==O & H attached to middle C = C–C==O and OH attached to middle C
can you oxidise a tertiary alcohol
no
what is esterification
alcohol + carboxylic acid
what is an amide
amine group (NH2) + carboxylic
what is a major reaction vs a minor reaction
on a major reaction, the haloalkane will attach following markovnikov’s rule e.g. H to side with less Hs, Br to attach double bond. For minor products it will be the opposite way around
how many Hs are needed for each C==C (carbon double bond)
2
what is a primary alcohol group & what is it’s product process
an OH with one C attached e.g. on the end of the chain
- lose 2 H’s become aldehyde
- add O, become carboxylic acid
what is a secondary alcohol group
2 carbons attached (probably in the middle)
- lose 2 H’s become ketone
- no more reaction
can the tertiary alcohol group oxidise
no, no reaction
what is a hemiacetal
alcohol + aldehyde
R-CH(OH)-OR’
what is a hemiketal
alcohol + ketone
R-C(OH)(OR’)-R’’
what is an acetal
hemiacetal –> 2 alcohols + an aldehyde
R-CH(OR’)-OR’’
what is a ketal
hemiketal –> 2 alcohols + ketone
R-C(OR’)(OR’’)-R’’
are acetals and ketals fully substituted?
yes
are hemiacetals/hemiketals fully substituted?
no
what does an aldehyde look like
C double bonded to O, single bonded to R and H
what does a ketone look like
C double bonded to O and two carbon (R) groups
