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BIOL 2170 > Organelles and Energy > Flashcards

Organelles and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cells are 10 times larger than prokaryotic, have membrane enclosed compartments called organelles, and have a protein scaffolding called the cytoskeleton

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

what does a plant cell have that an animal doesn’t

A

cell wall (cellulose)
chloroplast
vacuole

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3
Q

what is the largest organelle

A

nucleus

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4
Q

nucleus characteristics

A
  1. contains the DNA
  2. Site of DNA replication
  3. Site of genetic control of cell activities
  4. the nucleolus begins assembly of ribosomes
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5
Q

what is the two membranes the nucleus is surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

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6
Q

what is in the envelope control passage of molecules; large molecules, such as proteins, need a signal to pass through

A

nuclear pores

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7
Q

DNA combines with proteins (histones) to from __ in the nucleus

A

chromatin

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8
Q

what are separate strands of chromatic, which package tightly before cell division

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

are ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

yes

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11
Q

in eukaryotic cells, ribosomes can be

A
  1. free in the cytoplasm (all protein synthesis starts on free ribosomes in the cytosol)
  2. attached to the ER (RER)
  3. inside mitochondria and chloroplasts
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12
Q

what system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, and PM

A

endomembrane system

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13
Q

the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the

A

endomembrane system

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14
Q

a network of interconnected membranes including the RER and SER

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

RER characteristics

A
  1. some ribosomes attach to the RER
  2. newly made proteins enter the lumen and can be modified and transpoted
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16
Q

what receives proteins from the RER and can modify them and packages and sorts proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

what originates from the golgi apparatus, contain digestive enzymes to hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

A

lysosomes

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18
Q

what to plant cells have instead of lysosomes

A

vacuoles

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19
Q

how do food molecules enter the cell

A

phagocytosis

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20
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

a phagosome is formed which fuses with the lysosomes

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21
Q

what is autophagy

A

lysosomes also digest cell materials

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22
Q

what type of transport is exocytosis and endocytosis

A

active tansport

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23
Q

some proteins contain a _____ within their amino acid sequence (an address label that identifies where the polypeptide belongs

A

signal sequence SS

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24
Q

what does SSRER do

A

temporarily stops translation and sends the ribosome to the ER to complete translation

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25
Q

if a protein only just the SSRER sequence it is ____

A

secerted

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26
Q

no signal peptide

A

sent to cytosol

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27
Q

amino terminal signal

A

sent to chloroplast and mitochondrion

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28
Q

internal signal

A

sent to nucleus

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29
Q

if the protein is sent to the ER: signal sequence binds to a ____________ before translation is done

A

signal recognition particle (SRP) floating in the cytosol

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30
Q

In the _____, energy in fuel molecules is transformed into the bonds of energy rich ___: cellular respiration

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. ATP
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31
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion folds inward creating

A

a large surface area for proteins that participate in cellular respiration reactions

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32
Q

the mitochondrial matrix contains

A

DNA and ribosomes

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33
Q

mitochondria have a __ membrane

A

double

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34
Q
  1. site of photosynthesis
  2. have a double membrane
  3. contain ribosomes and DNA
  4. Thylakoids - flat circular compartments of an inner membrane
A

chloroplasts

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35
Q

what theory explains how eukaryotes could evolve from prokaryotes: cells engulfed other cells that became mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

endosymbiosis theory

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36
Q

the capacity to do work, or the capacity to change

A

energy

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37
Q

what are energy transformation linked to in cells

A

chemical transformation and molecular movement

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38
Q

what are the two categories of energy

A

potential and kinetic

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39
Q

what is potential energy

A

the stored energy - as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, charge imbalance

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40
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

the energy of movement

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41
Q
  1. what captures and transfers energy
  2. releases a large amount of energy earn hydrolyzed
  3. donate phosphate groups to other molecules
A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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42
Q

bonds linking phosphate groups have high ____ energy

A

potential

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43
Q

the set of life sustaining chemical reactions occurring in cells of organisms

A

metabolism

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44
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

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45
Q

when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work

A

second law of thermodynamics

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46
Q

a measure of disorder in a system

A

entropy

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47
Q

living organisms must have a constant ________ to maintain order

A

supply of energy

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48
Q

change in free energy in a reaction is the difference in free energy of the

A

products and reactants

49
Q

change in G = change in H - T change in S

A

if change in G (free energy) is negative, free energy is released
-spontaneous reaction (exergonic)
if change ing G is positive, free energy is consumed
-reaction is not spontaneous (endergonic)

50
Q

if a chemical reaction increases entropy the products will be _____ disordered

A

more

51
Q
  1. catabolism
  2. anabolism
A
    • change in G
    • change in G
52
Q

the products have less energy that the reactions and disorder increased

A

free energy is released

53
Q

Examples of exergonic reaction

A

cell respiration and catabolism

54
Q

examples of endergonic reaction

A

active transport
cell movements
anabolism

55
Q

______ increase the rate of a reaction

A

catalysts

56
Q

most biological catalysts are _____ (protein) that act as a framework in which reactions can take place

A

enzymes

57
Q

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

A

activation energy (larger the E the slower the reaction)

58
Q

in a catalyzed reaction an enzyme ___ the reaction by reducing the activation energy

A

accelerates

59
Q

activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy

A

transition state intermediates

60
Q

enzymes lower the energy barrier by

A

brining the reactants together

61
Q

an enzyme forms a _____ with its substrate with turns into the product

A

complex

62
Q

a complex can promote the reaction of two substrates by _____ their reactive groups and _______ their motion

A

aligning and limiting

63
Q

the ____ may change when bound to the substrate, but eventually return to its _______ form

A

enzyme and original

64
Q

enzymes _____ substrate molecules, bringing together the atoms that will bond

A

orient

65
Q

biological catalysts are

A

highly specific

66
Q

substrate molecules bind to the ______ of the enzyme

A

active site

67
Q

the _____ shape of the enzyme determines the specificity

A

3-D

68
Q

T or F: protein folding brings specific amino acids close to each other to form the active site

A

T

69
Q

shape of enzyme active site allows a specific ______ to fit

A

substrate

70
Q

what does the rate of a catalyzed reaction depend on

A

substrate concentraition

71
Q

concentration of an enzyme is usually much _____ than concentration of a substrate

A

lower

72
Q

at ______ all enzyme is bound to substrate - reaction at a maximum rate

A

saturation

73
Q

every enzyme is most active at a particular_____

A

pH

74
Q

what it pH

A

influences the ionization of a functional group

75
Q

does every enzyme have an optimal temp

A

yes

76
Q

do noncovalent bonds begin to break at a high temp

A

yes

77
Q

what is it called when an enzyme loses its tertiary structure

A

denatured

78
Q

enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different properties

A

isoxymes

79
Q

regulates enzymes: molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates

A

inhibitors

80
Q

naturally occurring ____ regulate metabolism

A

inhibitors

81
Q

what are the two types of inhibitors

A

irreversible inhibitor
reversible

82
Q

inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site - PERMANENTLY inactivates the enzyme

A

irreversible inhibitor

83
Q

Inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the enzyme inhibiting its function and reducing the rate of the reaction

A

reversibel inhibitors

84
Q

bind to the enzyme active site competing with the natural substrate

A

competitive inhibitors

85
Q

bind to the enzyme at a different site (not the active site)
the enzyme changes the shape and it actively reduced

A

non competitive inhibitors

86
Q

“different shapes”

A

allostery

87
Q

activators bind to ____ the enzyme
inhibitors bind and _____ enzyme funtion

A

stimulate
inhibit

88
Q

reactions are organized into ________ and each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

metabolic pathways

89
Q

what is the most common fuel in organisms

A

glucose

90
Q

All cells use ______ and it is where glucose is converted to pyruvate, ATP and electron carriers

A

glycolosis

91
Q

convert pyruvate into CO2, ATP and electron carriers

A

pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

92
Q

converts electron carriers and O2 into ATP and H2O

A

electron transport chain

93
Q

Aerobis

A

O2 present (cellular respiration)

94
Q

anaerobic

A

O2 absent

95
Q

what happens external to the mitochondrion

A

glycolosis

96
Q

what happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

electron transport chain

97
Q

what happens in the matrix of the mitochondrion

A

citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation

98
Q

what is an electron carrier in redox reactions

A

NADH

99
Q

two forms of NADH

A

oxd - NAD+
red - NADH

100
Q

glucose = 6 carbons pyruvate = 3 carbons

A

2 pyruvates

101
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

102
Q

what does glycolysis do

A

converts glucose into pyruvate
releases small amount of energy (2ATP and 2NADH)
generates no CO2

103
Q

energy investing reaction

A

use ATP

104
Q

energy harvesting reactions

A

produce ATP and NADH

105
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate group

106
Q

the formation of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic donor molecule to ADP is called

A

substrate level phosphorylation

107
Q

Input : Glucose, NAD+, ADP+Pi

A

output: 2NADH, 2ATP, 2 pyruvate

108
Q
  1. links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
  2. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
  3. pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
  4. CO2 and NADH are produced
A

pyruvate oxidation

109
Q
  1. Acetyl CoA is starting point
  2. completing the oxidation of glucose: the remains carbons are converted to CO2
  3. Outputs: CO2, reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), and GTP
A

citric acid cycle

110
Q

Each glucose yeilds

A

6CO2
10NADH
2FADH2
4ATP(32 from ETC)

111
Q

ATP is synthesized by the oxidation of electron carriers in the presence of O2
(two components)
1. electron transport chain
2. ATP synthesis powered by proton diffusion

A

oxidative phosphorylation

112
Q

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the ______ of membrane associated carriers

A

ETC

113
Q

where is the electron transport chain located

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

114
Q

_______ is released as electrons are passed between carriers

A

energy

115
Q

energy is released at ________ of ETC

A

each step

116
Q

protons accumulate in the inter membrane space and create a

A

concentration gradient and charge difference

117
Q

the ____________ drives the protons back across the membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

118
Q

protons diffuse back into the mitochondria through ATP synthase, a channel protein

A

ATP synthesis

BIOL 2170 (11 decks)

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