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BIOL 2170 > Lab Review > Flashcards

Lab Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific method

A

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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2
Q

steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Make an observation.
  2. Ask a question.
  3. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
  4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
  5. Test the prediction.
  6. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
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3
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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4
Q

comparative vs controlled experiments

A

comparative = Involves collecting data on different populations/organisms under different conditions (ex. Times of year, Locations), to make a comparison.

controlled = an experiment in which all the variable factors in an experimental group and a comparison control group are kept the same except for one variable factor in the experimental group that is changed or altered

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5
Q

independent vs dependent vs standardized variables

A

independent = a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

dependent = a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

standardized = a variable that has been rescaled to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one

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6
Q

conversion of m and nm

A

1m=100cm 10^2
1000mm 10^3
1000000um 10^6
1000000000nm 10^9

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7
Q

what are are the four major macromolecules

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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8
Q

what is osmosis

A

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

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9
Q

hypertonic means

A

a solution has a higher concentration of solute than is found in the cells and the water leaves the cell

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10
Q

hypotonic means

A

a solution has a lower solute concentration than the cells and the cells take up water

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11
Q

isotonic means

A

an extracellular solution which contains the same concentration as the solute

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12
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

A

in plant and animal the cells shrink

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13
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

A

in plant they swell and increase turgor pressure and in animal they burst

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14
Q

what happens to a cell in a isotonic solution

A

nothing

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15
Q

what is ATP

A

the immediate energy source for most of a cells activities

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16
Q

what is potential energy in a cell

A

the energy stored in bonds of the. molecule

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17
Q

number of carbons in glucose and fructose

A

6

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18
Q

number of carbons in sucrose

A

12

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19
Q

why do we make yeast and water a control when comparing different carbohydrates

A

because water does not have any sugar/ carbon in it which yeast needs to grow

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20
Q

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

the phosphate group head

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21
Q

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

the fatty acid tail

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22
Q

how does a spec work

A

it measures the absorbance

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23
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a catalyst that speeds up chemical reaction without being used in up in the process

24
Q

what is a catalyst

A

they are very specific and they react with a certain substrate to catalyze a narrow class of chemical reactions

25
Q

what is hydrogen peroxide in our enzyme lab

A

the substrate for our enzyme

26
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants and certain algae synthesize simple organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

27
Q

what is replication

A

the process of copying DNA to make new DNA

28
Q

what is translation

A

the final step to turn the DNA message into a protein product. The mRNA matches to anticodons on tRNA to bring specific amino acids based on the genetic code

29
Q

what is transcription

A

this occurs on a regular basis in every single cell if the body and this is the process of using the info stored in DNA to make mRNA

30
Q

why does starch have the most potential energy with yeast

A

it has repeating glucose units

31
Q

stains combine with what to increase contrast of cells under a microscope

A

low power, stage all the way up

32
Q

why is staining a step often used when looking at cells under a microscope

A

increases contrast

33
Q

when you begin to focus the microscope, which combination below is correct

A

low power, stage all the way up

34
Q

how do we obtain the major macromolecules our bodies need

A

common foods

35
Q

indicators can test for the presence of

A

sugars, fats, and proteins

36
Q

in diffusion substances move from a _______ concentration to a ________ concentration

A

higher, lower

37
Q

Biurets reagent is an indicator for the presence of

A

proteins

38
Q

Benedicts reagent is an indicator for the presence of

A

sugar

39
Q

if a cell crenates, it

A

shrinks

40
Q

why do we say that a 12 carbon sugar has more potential energy than a 6 carbon sugar

A

more carbons mean more energy and 12 carbons has more potential energy because not all organisms could break down the 12 C to release the energy

41
Q

what is the relationship between variance and standard deviation

A

take the square root of variance to get SD

42
Q

give the equation to calculate enzyme activity rate

A

final absorbance reading reading - initial absorbance reading / number of seconds

43
Q

what does an optimal pH give

A

the highest enzyme activity

44
Q

the function of peroxidase is to turn hydrogen peroxide into

A

water and oxygen

45
Q

photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to make the final product

A

glucose

46
Q

why/ how does pH affect enzyme activity

A

alters structure and lowers activity

47
Q

why do leaf disks float in the solution contains sodium bicarbonate but not in the solution without sodium bicarbonate

A

bicarbonate is the carbon source - without it no photosynthesis, no oxygen, no floating

48
Q

photosynthesis produces oxygen. What is the process that consumes oxygen and produces ATP for the cell

A

cellular respiration

49
Q

what is the purpose of soap in the solutions for the leaf disk assay

A

wets the hydrophobic leaf surface allowing solution to get into the leaf

50
Q

stage of meiosis I in which the homologous pairs line up on the equilateral plate

A

metaphase I

51
Q

stage of meiosis in which the chromosomes gather into nuclei, and the original cell divides

A

telophase I

52
Q

stage of meiosis II in which the chromosomes gather into nuclei and the cells divide

A

telophase II

53
Q

stage of meiosis I in which the chromatin begin to condense following interphase

A

early prophase I

54
Q

stage of mitosis in which daughter chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclei re-form, and the cell again enters interphase

A

telophase

55
Q

where in the mouth are taste receptors located

A

taste buds

56
Q

papillae are visible to the naked eye

A

true

BIOL 2170 (11 decks)

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