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BIOL 2170 > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

all cells ____________ from the environment

A

process information

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2
Q

the information that cells process can be _____ or ________

A

chemical or physical stimulus such as light

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3
Q

to respond to a signal a cell must have a specific _______ that can detect it

A

receptor

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4
Q

the sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions that lead to a cells response to a signal

A

signal transduction pathway

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5
Q

is receptor activation a permanent interaction

A

no

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6
Q

is a response temporary

A

yes

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7
Q

what happens to a response so that new signal cells can be received

A

termination

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8
Q

does signaling happen at high population density or low population density

A

high

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9
Q

signals (hormones) travel to distant cells, usually via the circulatory system

A

endocrine signals

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10
Q

these signals affect nearby cells

A

paracrine signals

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11
Q

these signals affect the cells that made them

A

autocrine signals

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12
Q

these signals affect cells touching them

A

contact dependent

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13
Q

list the signals in order from greatest distance to lowest distance

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
contact dependent

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14
Q

what is a signaling molecule

A

a hormone ex. insulin

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15
Q

what system does the paracrine signals affect

A

nervous system

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16
Q

what system does the autocrine signals affect

A

bacteria

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17
Q

what are the two types of cell signaling receptors

A
  1. membrane receptors
  2. intracellular receptors
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18
Q

these receptors are in the plasma membrane and bind polar ligands (signals)

A

membrane receptors

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19
Q

these receptors are in the cytoplasm and bind non polar ligands that can diffuse across the PM

A

intracellular/ cytoplasmic receptors

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20
Q

receptor proteins have very ________ binding sites for chemical signals or ligands

A

specific

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21
Q

binding the ligand causes the receptor protein to

A

change shape or conformation

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22
Q

the binding is ______ and the ligand is _________

A

reversible
not altered

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23
Q

can inhibitors bind to receptor proteins

A

yes

24
Q

_______ binds to a receptor on nerve cells, initiating a signal transduction pathway the reduces brain activity

A

adenosine

25
Q

__________ is similar in structure to adenosine and binds to adenosine receptors blocking their activity (binds receptor but doesn’t activate it)

A

caffeine

26
Q

these bind heterotrimeric G proteins
and ligand boning to GPCRs activates G proteins

A

G protein coupled receptors GPCR

27
Q

these are membranes associated proteins with three subunits and bind GDP (inactive) or GTP (active)

A

heterotrimeric G proteins

28
Q

is RAS-GTP it is _______

A

active and activates something in the cell

29
Q

if RAS-GDP it is ________

A

inactive

30
Q

GTP found alpha-subunit separates from the other subunits and encounters an ___________

A

effector protein

31
Q

if adrenaline is the signal the effector is __________

A

adenylycyclase

32
Q

binding _________ the effector which causes a ______ in cell function

A

activates
change

33
Q

GTP is ________ back to GDP and ________ turn themselves off (termination)

A

hydrolyzed
GTPases

34
Q

ATP is a ________

A

nucleotide

35
Q

the enzyme _________ catalyzes the formation of cAMP to ATP

A

adenylyl cyclase

36
Q

what is the first messenger

A

ligand signal

37
Q

what is the second messenger

A

a small water soluble nonprotein molecule
relays the initial signal to target molecules inside the cell

38
Q

adrenaline binding to a membrane receptor causes production of a small molecule _____ which diffuses through the cytoplasm to indirectly activate the phosphorylase

A

cAMP

39
Q

affect many processes in the cell
amplify the signal
regulate targe enzymes

A

second messengers

40
Q

1 molecule of adrenaline creates _______ of glucose molecules

A

1000’s

41
Q

what is the first step in termination

A

the signal molecule adrenaline detaches from the receptor

42
Q

what is the second step in termination

A

within a very short period of time an activated G protein deactivates itself

43
Q

what is the third step in termination

A

enzymes in the cytosol specifically degrade cAMP which stops the phosphorylation and activation of target proteins

44
Q

what is the fourth step in termination

A

phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins

45
Q

these receptors catalyze phosphorylation of themselves and or other proteins

A

protein kinase receptors

46
Q

the _______ receptor phosphorylates itself and other insulin response substrates and initials glucose transporter insertion into the plasma membrane

A

insulin

47
Q

2 subunits come together in

A

dimemerization

48
Q

what does activates a _______

A

GTPase (RAS)

49
Q

human cancer cells have an ______ form of the monomeric G protein Ras and the protein is ________ activated causing _______ continuous cell division

A

abnormal
permanently activated
continuous

50
Q

cancer cells having too many protein kinase receptors which results in overreaction on the ______ kinase signaling pathway and _______ cell division

A

MAP
increased

51
Q

what protein kinase is used as a breast cancer treatment

A

herceptin

52
Q

channel proteins that allow ions to enter or leave a cell

A

ion channel receptors

53
Q

signals for ion channel receptors

A

chemical ligands (hormones)
sensory stimuli (light)
electric charge differences

54
Q

what are some effects of a signal

A

opening ion channels
changing enzyme activity
differential gene transcription

55
Q

can multiple signaling pathways be active in a cell at one time

A

yes

56
Q

can signaling pathways intersect

A

yes

57
Q

can the same signaling pathway have different function in different cells

A

yes

BIOL 2170 (11 decks)

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