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Head and Neck Blue Boxes > Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball > Flashcards

Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball Flashcards

1
Q

If a person receives a blow directly on the bony rim of the orbital, where will the fractures most likely occur?

A

At the three sutures of the bones forming the orbital margin.

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2
Q

The thinness of the medial and inferior walls of the orbital makes what possible?

A

A blow to the orbital may leave the margins intact, but fracture the orbital walls.

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3
Q

What is a blowout fracture?

A

Indirect traumatic injury that displaces the orbital walls.

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4
Q

Side effects of an orbital fracture?

A

Typically intra-orbital bleeding, which will lead to increased pressure and eventually exophthalmos.

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5
Q

In what ways could trauma to the eye affect local structures?

A

Bleeding into maxillary sinus, displacement of maxillary teeth, fracture of nasal bones ,airway obstruction, etc.

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6
Q

Concerns with a malignant tumor in the sphenoidal and posterior ethmoidal sinuses?

A

They can erode orbit walls and compress the optic nerve and orbital contents.

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7
Q

Result of a tumor in the orbital?

A

Exophthalmos.

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8
Q

A fully-medially turned eye will have how much exposure?

A

2.5 cm.

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9
Q

What side of the eye is typically used in eyeball surgeries?

A

Lateral

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10
Q

Lesion of what nerve will inhibit palpebrae superioris?

A

III

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11
Q

Other than III, what nerve could be damaged to inhibit eyelid closure.

A

VII

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12
Q

Side effects of a loss of VII innervation to the eye?

A

Loss of tonus in the muscle of the inferior eyelid, everted, and eventually drying of cornea. This will cause excessive and inefficient lacrimation.

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13
Q

Aside from a nerve lesion, an alternate cause of excess lacrimal fluid?

A

Obstruction of Lacrimal drainage. Dabbing will further irritate.

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14
Q

Side effect of cilary obstruction of the eyelid?

A

Painful, red, pus-producing swelling (Sty)

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15
Q

Sebaceous obstruction of the eyelid?

A

Chalazia

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16
Q

Side effects of obstruction of tarsal gland?

A

Tarsal chalazion - inflammation/swelling protruding toward the eyeball and rubbing it as the eyelids blink.

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17
Q

What is hyperemia of conjunctiva?

A

Bloodshot eyes caused by local irritation

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18
Q

What is Conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammed conjunctiva, often caused by an infection of the eye.

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19
Q

What are subconjunctival hemorrhages?

A

Bright or dark red patches deep to and within the bulbar conjunctiva caused by injury or inflammation. Injuries could range from a blow to the eye or an especially powerful sneezing.

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20
Q

The retina and optic nerve develop from the..

A

optic cup, a part of the optic vesicle.

21
Q

The pigment cell layer is on the _______. The neural retina is on the _____ later.

A

Outside. Inside.

22
Q

What separated the layers of developing retina embryonically?

A

An Intraretinal Space

23
Q

What occurs in a patient with a detached retina?

A

Seepage of fluid btw the cell layers, causing initially flashes of light or specks floating in the eye. Eventually potential for vision loss.

24
Q

Describe the pupillary light reflex.

A

Tests CN II and III. When light enters one eye, but pupils should contract because the retina sends fibers into the optic tracts on either side.

25
Q

Ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary response indicates…

A

Compression of the Oculomotor Nerve.

26
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the vascular layer of the eyeball. Can cause severe impairment and even blindness.

27
Q

How do physicians look at the fundus of the eye?

A

Opthalmascopy

28
Q

What is papilledema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc caused by increased CSF pressure inhibiting the speed of venous return.

29
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

As people get older their lenses get hard and flat and inhibit lens focusing power.

30
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Cloudiness of the lens

31
Q

How does one treat cataracts?

A

Cataract extraction and an intraocular lens implant.

32
Q

What is an extracapsular cataract extraction?

A

A procedure in which the lens is removed, but the capsule of the lens is left behind to receive a synthetic lens.

33
Q

What occurs in an intracapsular lens extraction?

A

Remove lens + lens capsule. Implant a synthetic intraocular lens in the anterior chamber.

34
Q

What is a coloboma?

A

Absence of a section of the iris

35
Q

Cause of coloboma?

A

Birth defect in which the choroid fissure fails to close properly. Also penetrating injuries to the eyeball.

36
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

An increase in pressure of the anterior/posterior chambers caused by a blockage of aqueous outflow.

37
Q

Consequences of not treating glaucoma?

A

Blindness due to compression of retina and its arteries.

38
Q

Describe hemmorhage into the anterior chamber.

A

Blunt trauma to the eyeball. Initially eyeball tinged red, but blood soon accumulates. Patients will typically recover following the end of hemorrhage.

39
Q

What allows some normal movement in a properly fitted artificial eye?

A

Eye muscles cannot retract too far because their fascial sheaths remain attached to the fascial sheath of the eyeball.

40
Q

What is a corneal reflex?

A

A coroner will touch the cornea with a wisp of cotton to check for a CN V1/VII response.

41
Q

Why is a V1 injury especially problematic for the eye?

A

Without sensory function, the cornea cannot respond to foreign particles correctly.

42
Q

Cause of Horner Syndrome?

A

Interruption of a cervical sympathetic trunk manifested by absence of sympathetically stimulated functions.

43
Q

Some physical manifestations of Horner?

A

Constriction of pupil, drooping eyelid, vasodilation, absence of sweating.

44
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double Vision

45
Q

What do you see in a oculomotor nerve palsy patient?

A

Eyelid droops, pupil dilated, nonreactive.

Fully abducted and depressed because of unopposed LR and SO.

46
Q

What do you see in an abducent nerve palsy patient?

A

Patient cant abduct the pupil on the affected side. Ends up fully adducted.

47
Q

What will obstruction of the central artery of the retina cause?

A

Instant and Total Blindness.

Usually unilateral in the elderly.

48
Q

What will blockage of the central vein of the retina cause?

A

Slow, Painless loss of vision.

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