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Head and Neck Blue Boxes > Cranium Blue Boxes > Flashcards

Cranium Blue Boxes Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of complications of head injuries?

A

Hemorrhage, infection, and injury to the brain.

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2
Q

Most common symptom of head injury?

A

Disturbance in level of consciousness

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3
Q

How common are head injury deaths?

A

Almost 10% of all deaths in the US, with approximately half of all traumatic injury deaths involving the brain

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4
Q

What group is most prone to have head injuries?

A

Ages 15-24 (probs car accidents)

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5
Q

Headaches and facial pain probably mean…

Despite this, they could also indicate….

A

tension, fatigue, mild fever.

tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis

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6
Q

Describe neuralgias

A

Severe throbbing or stabbing pain in the course of a nerve caused by a demyelinating lesion. Ex. Facial Neuralgias.

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7
Q

Give examples of localized head pains.

A

Otalgia and Odontalgia

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8
Q

Why are the superciliary arches prone to cause injury?

A

The ridges are sharp and when they take a blow, skin laceration/bleeding is common.

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9
Q

What physical manifestation would you expect to see if a patient has bleeding around the superciliary arches.

A

Bruising/Bleeding of the tissue surrounding the orbit causes a buildup in the connective tissues around the eye, causing a black eye.

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10
Q

Alternate name for the zygomatic bone?

A

Malar Bone

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11
Q

What is malar flush?

A

Redness of the skin covering the zygomatic process associated with a rise in temperature in various fevers (ex. tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythematosus)

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12
Q

Le Fort classified what?

A

Types of Maxillary fractures.

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13
Q

A broken mandible will typically involve how many fractures?

A

Two on opposite sides of the mandible

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14
Q

Where is the opposite break of the mandible often found?

A

The neck/body of the mandible in the canine tooth region.

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15
Q

What type of mandible fracture it often a single break?

A

Factures of the coronoid process.

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16
Q

Fractures of the neck of the mandible are often associated with…

A

TMJ dislocation

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17
Q

A fracture of the angle of the mandible will probably involve the

A

bony socket of the 3rd molar

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18
Q

Fractures of the body of the mandible typically pass through….

A

the socket of a canine tooth

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19
Q

Cause of alveolar bone reabsorption?

A

Tooth Extraction

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20
Q

Describe the process following complete loss of teeth.

A

Tooth socket fill with bone, alveolar processes begin to resorb.

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21
Q

How can alveolar reabsorption cause mandibular problems?

A

Gradually, the mental foramen will be closer and closer the superior border of the mandible. This can cause the foramen to disappear and expose the nerves to injury. Pressure from a prosthesis can make this worse.

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22
Q

How does a loss of teeth influence facial shape?

A

Deep creases in the skin around the mouth, decreased vertical facial dimension, and mandibular overclosure (prognathism)

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23
Q

Hard blows to thin areas of the calveria are likely to form what?

A

Depressed Fractures – bone frag is depressed inward, compressing/injuring the brain.

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24
Q

What are linear calvarial fractures?

A

Most frequent type. Occur at point of impact, but with fracture lines radiating away in several directions.

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25
Q

What are comminuted fractures?

A

The bone is broken into several pieces .

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26
Q

What is a contrecoup fracture?

A

A fracture in which no fracture occurs at the point of impact, but one occurs on the opposite side of the cranium.

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27
Q

How do surgeons access the brain?

A

Craniotomy – a surgery in which a section of the neurocranium (bone flap) is elevated or removed

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28
Q

How do surgeons get around the adult skull’s poor osteogenic qualities?

A

Reflecting the bone with its overlying muscle, skin, and blood supply.

29
Q

If in a craniotomy, the piece of skull isn’t returned, what is the procedure called? What do you put there instead?

A

Craniectomy. A permanent plastic or metal plate.

30
Q

How do the bones of the calveria/ some pieces of the cranial base develop?

A

Intramembranous ossification.

31
Q

How does most of the cranial base develop?

A

Endochondral ossification?

32
Q

Differences in a baby’s skull structure?

A

No diploe. Prominent frontal and parietal eminences. Disproportionately large cranium, but not face.

33
Q

Compare the amount of skull that is face in a newborn and an adult.

A

1/8 in newborn, 1/3 in adult.

34
Q

What causes the large size of infant calveria?

A

Precocious growth and development of the brain and eyes.

35
Q

What separates the halves of the frontal bone in neonates?

A

Frontal suture.

36
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

37
Q

What separates the maxillae and mandibles?

A

Intermaxillary suture and mandibular symphysis (2ndary cartilaginous joint)

38
Q

Consequence of no mastoid/styloid at birth?

A

Facial nerves run very close to the surface, opening them to injury from forceps in delivery.

39
Q

When does the mastoid process develop?

A

The first year as the SCM develops and pull on the temporal bones.

40
Q

Who are the main fontanelles?

A

Anterior, posterior, paired sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles.

41
Q

Palpation of fontanelles shows…

A

Progress of bone groth, hydration, intercranial pressure

42
Q

Describe the anterior fontanelle.

A

Largest, diamond shaped, btw frontal and parietal bones. It is the future site of bregma. Disappears by 18 months.

43
Q

Another name for remnant of the frontal suture is…? Why should we care?

A

Metopic suture. Persistent sutures can be misinterpreted as a fracture.

44
Q

Describe the posterior fontanelle.

A

Triangular. btw the parietal and occipital bones. future site of lambda. Not palpable after year 1.

45
Q

Describe the sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelles.

A

Overlain by temporalis muscle, less clinically important.

46
Q

How old is a kid when the two halves of the mandible fuse?

A

2

47
Q

Perks of the whole fonantelle situation?

A

Helps the head fit through during delivery.

48
Q

After birth the baby will look like….this will last for…

A

A conehead. A few days.

49
Q

About how old are you when the skull stops growing?

A

20 (16 real growth and about 4 of thickening)

50
Q

Name the cartilaginous component that holds the halves of the mandible together for the first two years.

A

Mandibular Symphysis

51
Q

A neonate’s mandible has how many teeth per side?

A

5

52
Q

How old when teething begins?

A

Approx 6 months

53
Q

Rapid facial growth in infancy and early childhood correlates with…

A

eruption of deciduous teeth

54
Q

Dentaoalveolar development will cause…

A

lengthening of the face

55
Q

Concurrent size increases in the frontal and facial regions is associated with…

A

Increased paranasal sinus sizes.

56
Q

Describe paranasal sinuses in adults? Neonates?

A

Air filled extensions of the nasal cavities in certain cranial bones. Most are rudimentary/absent at birth.

57
Q

Growth of the paranasal sinuses will…

A

alter face shape and add vocal resonance

58
Q

At what age do cranial sutures start to go away?

A

30-40 for internal. 40-50 for external.

59
Q

Where does cranial suture obliteration begin?

A

Bregma

60
Q

How do cranial bones change with age?

A

They become thinner and lighter as the diploe become filled with a gray gelatinous material made of fat.

61
Q

What is primary craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closure of cranial sutures resulting in several cranial malformations.

62
Q

Cause of craniosynostosis? Frequency?

A

Unknown, but somehow probably tied into genetic factors. 1:2000 births.

63
Q

What is the predominant theory for how craniosynostosis happens?

A

Abnormal cranial base development causes exagerrated forces on the dura mater. This will disrupt normal cranial suture development.

64
Q

Which sex is more prone to develop craniosynostosis?

A

Male

65
Q

A prematurely closed sagittal suture will cause…

A

Scaphocephaly – Small/Absent Anterior Fontanelle. Long/Narrow wedge shaped cranium.

66
Q

A prematurely closed coronal/lambdoid suture on one side will cause…

A

Plagiocephaly – Twisted and asymmetrical cranium

67
Q

A prematurely closed coronal suture will cause…

A

Oxycephaly/Turricephaly – A high, tower-like cranium

68
Q

How does premature closure of sutures alter brain development?

A

It typically doesn’t.

Head and Neck Blue Boxes (13 decks)

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