Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head and Neck Blue Boxes > Eye and Ear Section -- Embryo > Flashcards

Eye and Ear Section -- Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of coloboma?

A

Failure of optic fissure to fully close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is retinochoroidal coloboma?

A

Localized gap in the retina, usually inferior to the optic disc. Usually bilateral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is coloboma of the iris?

A

Defect in the inferior sector of the iris or a notch in the pupillary margin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Developmental cause of detachment of the retina?

A

Failure of the inner and outer layers of the optic cup to fuse during the fetal period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What diseases are associated with retinal detachment?

A

Down Syndrome, Marfan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cyclopia?

A

Eyes are partially or completely fused, forming a single median eye in a single orbit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the nasal development of a cyclopia patient.

A

Tubular nose (proboscis) superior to the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why don’t you see a bunch of cyclops people running around?

A

Because the defects that cause cyclopia are typically incompatible with life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is microopthalmia?

A

A congenital group of eye defects that cause very small eyes. The affected side of the face is underdeveloped and the orbit is small.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What major eye structure tends to not devleop in severe microopthalmia cases?

A

The Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most common cause of microopthalmia?

A

Infectious agents that cross the placental membrane in the late embryonic period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is anophthalmia?

A

Failure of the eye (or eyes) to develop. Orbit defects are always present. Typically accompanied by severe crainiocerebral defects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Difference between primary and secondaty anophalmos?

A

Primary – Eye development stops early in week 4. No optic vessicle forms.

Secondary – Forebrain development is suppressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most neonates have what iris color? When does this change?

A

Blue/Gray. 6-10 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the pigment containing cells of the iris.

A

Chromatophores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What determines the color of the iris?

A

The concentration and distribution of chromatophores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the melanin of a blue eye? Brown eye?

A

Blue – Only on the posterior surface of the pigmented epithelium.

Brown – Melanin distributed throughout the stroma of the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cause of iris heterochromia?

A

Changes to the sympathetic innervations in the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is congenital anirida? Cause?

A

Lack or nearly complete absence of the iris. Caused by arrested development at the rim of the optic cup.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What gene is associated with anirida?

A

Pax6

21
Q

How do remnants of the pupillary membrane manifest? Consequences?

A

Web like strands of connective tissue or vascular arcades over the pupil. Typically the tissue will atrophy and cause no major problems.

22
Q

What if the entire puillary membrane persists?

A

Congenital atresia of the pupil – no opening, requires surgery or laser treatment.

23
Q

Hyaloid Artery normall becomes…

A

central artery of the retina

24
Q

Side effect associated in severe cases of hyaloid artery persistence

A

Micropthalmic eye

25
Q

What is congenital aphakia?

A

Complete absence of the lens. No lens placode formation in the 4th week. Failure of lens induction by optic vesicle.

26
Q

Cause of heightened intraocular pressure in neonates?

A

Congenital Glaucoma caused by a drainage problem

27
Q

Potential cause of congenital glaucoma

A

Failure of the scleral venous sinus to develop or neonatal rubella infection.

Almost ALWAYS CYP1B1 gene associated.

28
Q

What occurs in congenital cataracts?

A

Lens is opaque and frequently appears grayish white.

29
Q

Potential causes of congenital cataracts?

A

genetic inheritance, Rubella virus, radiation, congenital galactosemia

30
Q

How will heightened CSF pressure influence the eye?

A

Slowed retinal venous return, causing papilledema of the optic disc.

31
Q

Cause of congenital ptosis?

A

Failure of the levator palpebrae to form normally. Possibly also caused by prenatal injury to CNIII.

Can cause loss of vision

32
Q

What is a palpebral coloboma?

A

Any large defect in the eyelid, typically a notch in the superior. Drying and ulceration of the cornea may result.

33
Q

What is cryptophtalmos?

A

Congenital absence of eyelids, which causes skin to cover the eyes. No cornea or conjunctiva.

34
Q

Most common cause of congenital deafness

A

Genetic factors such as a GJB2 mutation

35
Q

If first arch syndrome occurs, what ear structures should be considered?

A

Malleus and Incus

36
Q

What infection is especially likely do damage the developing cochlea?

A

Rubella

37
Q

Result of congenital fixation of the stapes? Cause?

A

Conductive deafness in an otherwise normal ear. Caused by failure of differentiation of the annular ligament.

38
Q

Why is it important to note even minor auricular abnormalities?

A

Minor defects may be correlated with specific patterns of genetic abnormalities (ex. trisomy 18 or maternal drug use)

39
Q

What causes accessory auricular appendages?

A

Development of accessory auricular hillocks.

40
Q

Are auricular appendages usually uni- or bi- lateral?

A

Unilateral

41
Q

What is anotia? What is it associated with?

A

Absence of the auricle. First Pharyngeal Arch Syndrome, which causes failure of mesenchymal proliferation.

42
Q

What is microtia? What causes it?

A

Small/rudimentary auricle caused by suppressed mesenchymal proliferation.

43
Q

What are preauricular sinuses/fistulas?

A

Pit like depressions/sinuses located in the area anterior to the auricle.

44
Q

Cause of atresia of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Failure of the meatal plug to canalize.

45
Q

Atresia of the external acoustic meatus is typically associated with…

A

First Arch Syndrome

46
Q

Describe the auricle of a subect without an external acoustic meatus.

A

Normal.

47
Q

Cause of absence of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Failure of inward expansion of the first pharyngeal groove and the meatal plug to disappear.

48
Q

What is Congenital Cholesteatoma?

A

A growth of keratinized epithelial cells retained after birth that can grow and invade neighboring bones.

Head and Neck Blue Boxes (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions