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SHB - Exam 2 > Orbit > Flashcards

Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the RIM of the orbit?

A
  1. Frontal (roof)
  2. Zygomatic (lateral)
  3. Maxilla (floor)
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2
Q

What are the 4 BONES inside the orbit?

A
  1. Lacrimal - medial –> fossa for LACRIMAL SAC
  2. Ethmoid Bone - medial –> extremely thin = lamina papyracea
  3. Sphenoid (posterior and lateral)
  4. Palatine bone (small medial portion posteriorly)
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3
Q

The boundaries of the orbit form a pyramid shape. Describe the:

  1. Base
  2. Apex
  3. Superior Wall
  4. Medial Wall
  5. Inferior Wall
  6. Lateral Wall
A
  1. Base = RIM of the orbit
  2. Apex - OPTIC CANAL
  3. Superior Wall - FRONTAL BONE
  4. Medial Wall - ( ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid)
  5. Inferior Wall - maxilla, portions of zygomatic, palatine
  6. Lateral - Zygomatic and sphenoid
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4
Q

What protects and aids in lubrication of the eye and has 7 layers?

A

The palpebrae

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5
Q

List and Describe the 7 layers of the Palpebrae. FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL

A
  1. Skin (sweat glands + sebaceous glands, sebaceous glands of eyelashes = Ciliary Glands)
  2. Subcutaneous Loose Connective Tissue
  3. Muscular layer (palpebral portion of Orbicularis Oculi)
  4. Submuscular Loose Connective Tissue (where CN & for Orbicularis Oculi is)
  5. Tarsal Plate
    - Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle
    - Tarsal Muscle (sympathetically controlled)
  6. Tarsal Gands - help form tight seal when eyelids are closed
  7. Palpebral Conjuctive - mucous membrane inside of eyelid
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6
Q

What is the space called between the upper and lower palpebrae?

A

Palpebral Fissure

-bounded by the upper and lower palpebral margins. Palpebral margins meet at the canthi (angles).

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7
Q

How does one acquire Horner’s Syndrome? What are the symptoms?

A

Lesion to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, with resulting paralysis in the Tarsal muscle on the affected side.

Patient presents with:
Ptosis – eyelid cannot fully open
Meiosis – pupil shrinks
Anhydrosis – lack of sweat, flushing of the face

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8
Q

What are the medial and lateral angles of the eye?

A

Medial and Lateral Canthus

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9
Q

What is the LARGE medial angle of the eye when open?

A

Lacrimal Lake

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10
Q

What is the fleshy elevation within the Lacrimal Lake called? What does it contain that usually appears during sleep?

A

LACRIMAL CARUNCLE

  • contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands and cilia
  • is responsible for yellowish-white secretions during sleep
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11
Q

What is the Plica Semilunaris? What two structures does it separate?

A

the connective tissue band found just lateral to the lacrimal caruncle.

  • homologous to the nictitating membrane (“third eyelid”) seen in many other animals.
  • The plica separates the sclera from the lacrimal lake.
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12
Q

What provides lubrication for the anterior surface of the eye?

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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13
Q

Where is the Lacrimal Gland located?

A

In the SUPEROLATERAL aspect of the orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the FRONTAL bone

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14
Q

Where do the ducts from the lacrimal gland drain into?

A

Superior palpebral fornix (located at the junction of the palpebral and orbital conjunctiva).

  • Tears secreted collect in the superior fornix of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface (aided by blinking)
  • only the upper eyelid has ability to raise and close
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15
Q

What are some of the components of the watery solution produced by the Lacrimal Gland?

A
  1. Lysozyme - bacteriocidal enzyme
  2. Nutrients
  3. Dissolved Oxygen
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16
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland.

A
  1. Pre-ganglionic secretomotor fibers travel in GREATER PETROSAL N.
  2. to the NERVE OF THE PTERYGOID CANAL
  3. synapse in the PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION
  4. post-ganglionic fibers course with the MAXILLARY NERVE (V2)
  5. to the Zygomatic Branch
  6. Connects the LACRIMAL N. (V1) to the
  7. LACRIMAL GLAND
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17
Q

Describe the SYMPATHETIC innervation to the lacrimal gland.

A
  1. pre-ganglionic fibers originate in upper thoracic cord
  2. travel in the SYMPATHETIC CHAIN
  3. synapse in SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION
  4. Post-ganglionic fibers follow the Carotid Plexus
  5. to the DEEP PETROSAL N.
  6. forming the NERVE of the PTERYGOID CANAL
  7. pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion to LACRIMAL GLAND
    * ** don’t synapse in the ganglion
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18
Q

How to tears flow? What are the 4 areas that they pass/drain in?

A

Tears flow from the SUPEROLATERALLY placed lacrimal gland–> inferomedially to the medial canthus of the eye, where they drain:

Puncta lacrimali – drain opening
Lacrimal canaliculus - duct
Lacrimal sac – collection of fluid
Nasolacrimal duct – drainage to nasal sinus –> under the inferior Concha (inferior meatus)

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19
Q

Describe the GENERAL SENSORY innervation to the Lacrimal Gland

A

Opthalmic division of Trigeminal (V1) via the Lacrimal N. to the gland and its tissues

20
Q

What 4 muscles of the eye originate in the ANNULUS TENDINEUS? What is the annulus tendineus?

A
  • it is the common tendinous ring
    1. Superior Rectus
    2. Medial Rectus
    3. Inferior Rectus
    4. Lateral Rectus
21
Q

Which muscle functions to raise the eyelid? What is its

Origin, Insertion and Innervation?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris
O: lesser wing of sphenoid, anterior to Optic Canal
I: TARSAL PLATE
N: Oculomotor N. (3) - SUPERIOR DIVISION

22
Q

What muscle elevates and adducts the eye? (medially rotates) What is its
Origin, Insertion and Innervation?

A

Superior Rectus
O: annulus tendineus
I: Superior aspect of eye (behind corneosceral junction)
N: Oculomotor N (3) - SUPERIOR DIVISION

23
Q

What muscle depresses and adducts the eye? (laterally rotates) What is its
Origin, Insertion and Innervation?

A

Inferior Rectus
O: annulus tendineus
I: inferior aspect of eye (behind the corneosceral junction)
N: Oculomotor N (3) - INFERIOR DIVISION

24
Q

What muscle ONLY ADducts the eye? What is its

Origin, Insertion and Innervation?

A

MEDIAL Rectus
O: annulus tendineus
I: medial aspect of eye behind corneoscleral junction
N: Oculomotor N (3) - INFERIOR DIVISION

25
Q

What muscle ONLY ABducts the eye? What is its

Origin, Insertion and Innervation?*

A

LATERAL Rectus
O: annulus tendineus
I: lateral aspect of eye behind corneoscleral junction
N: Abducent N. (6)

26
Q

What muscle ELEVATES and ABDUCTS the eye? (laterally rotates) What is its Origin, Insertion and Innervation? Up and Out*

A

Inferior Oblique

O: anterior floor of orbit, lateral to nasolacrimal duct
I: lateral aspect of eye, deep to LATERAL RECTUS muscle
N: Oculomotor N. (3) - INFERIOR DIVISION

27
Q

What muscle DEPRESSES and ABDUCTS the eye? (medially rotates) What is its Origin, Insertion and Innervation? Down and out *

A

IO UO, SO DO

Superior Oblique

O: Body of sphenoid, above optic canal, medial to superior rectus
I: PASSES THROUGH THE TROCHLEA, deep and lateral to superior rectus
N: TROCHLEAR N. (4)

28
Q

Which muscles have a medial pull on the eye?

A

Inferior and Superior Rectus + Medial Rectus –> opposite function of IO UO SO DO (inferior and superior oblique = ABduct)

29
Q

What muscles do not originate from the Annulus Tendineus?

A

Muscles that do NOT originate from the anulus tendineus:

Superior oblique: Sphenoid
Inferior oblique: Maxilla
Levator palpebrae superioris: Sphenoid

30
Q

Which muscles are the adductors of the eye?

A
  1. Superior Rectus (elevate)
  2. Inferior Rectus (depress)
  3. Medial Rectus
31
Q

Which muscles are the ABductors of the eye?

A
  1. Superior Oblique (medially rotates)
  2. Inferior Oblique (laterally rotates)
  3. LATERAL RECTUS
32
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve?

A

Optic nerve (CN II) enters the orbit via the optic canal (with ophthalmic artery).

–It conveys sensory INFORMATION (vision) from the retina to the CNS. It is covered by meninges, and is the largest nerve in the orbit

33
Q

Which nerve of the orbit supplies the SENSORY INNERVATION to the orbit and eye? What are its three primary branches?

A

Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal nerve (CN V1)
- enters through the superior orbital fissure and then divides into three primary branches: NFL

  1. Lacrimal nerve
  2. Frontal nerve
    a - Supraorbital
    b - Supratrochlear
  3. Nasocilliary
34
Q

What are some important features of NFL (Nasocilliary, Frontal, and Lacrimal Nerves)

A
  1. Nasocilliary has several branches (next notecard)
    - short & long Ciliary Nerves
    - Posterior and Anterior Ethmoidal
    - Infratrochlear Nerves
  2. Frontal - splits into
    - supraorbital - upper eyelid and skin over eye (scalp)
    - supratrochlear - medial canthus and bridge of nose
  3. Lacrimal - post-ganglionic parasympathetics and sympathetic fibers to lacrimal gland (after receiving fibers from Zygomaticotemporal branch of V2)
35
Q

Sensory fibers that enter the eye via the SHORT CILIARY NERVEs synapse in the ganglia. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

  • they exit without synapsing from the communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion (part of Nasocilliary nerve)
36
Q

What is the terminal branch of the Nasociliary Nerve?

A

INFRATROCHLEAR

- supplies bridge and superior aspect of nose

37
Q

What innervates the eye (cornea, sclera) by running directly to the back of the eyeball? What nerve branch of V1 does it originate from?

A
  1. Long Ciliary nerves

- from the Nasocilliary N. of V1

38
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the eye?

A

LaSSIE = (CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF THE EYE)

  1. Lacrimal branch laterally,
  2. Supraorbital
  3. Supratrochlear
  4. Infratrochlear
  5. External Nasal
39
Q

Which nerve of the the Nasocilliary Branch of V1 conveys both sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory innervation to the eye? Which conveys only sympathetic and sensory?

A

The short ciliary nerve

  • supply all three modalities to the eye (parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory).

The LONG ciliary nerve

40
Q

What innervates the floor of the orbit and the upper lip? Where does it enter? What branches does it give off before terminating in the Infraorbital Foramen?

A

Maxillary branch of Trigeminal (v2)

  • enters via Inferior Orbital Fissure
  • gives off Zygomatic Branch before enters infraorbital canal
  • terminates through Infraorbital Foramen as the INFRAORBITAL NERVE?
41
Q

What do parasympathetic fibers from Oculomotor Nerve do?

A

Parasympathetic fibers - from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (CN III).

1 - cause constriction of the pupil (sphincter pupillae m.)
2 - allow the eye to focus on near objects (contraction of the ciliary muscle) –> accommodation of lens

42
Q

How do sympathetic fibers reach the eye? What ganglia do they pass through and which ganglia do they synapse at? What to they innervate? What are the two ways that sympathetics can reach the eye?

A

** from the superior cervical ganglion (SYNAPSE HERE)** via the internal carotid plexus and then the ophthalmic division of trigeminal (V1).

  • pass through the ciliary ganglion (DONT SYNAPSE) and enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves.
  • They innervate the dilator pupillae muscle (dilate pupil).
  • Sympathetic fibers also reach the eye via long ciliary nerves.
43
Q

Where does the Opthalmic Artery enter the eye? What is it a direct branch off of and what does it supply?

A
  • enters the orbit via the optic canal.

- supplies blood to the orbit including the eye itself (lacrimal gland, eyeball, all muscles)

44
Q

What are the branches of the Othalmic Artery?

A
  1. Short and Long Posterior Ciliary A.
  2. Lacrimal A. - recurrent branch to eyeball = anterior ciliary a.
  3. Posterior Ethmoidal
  4. Supraorbital (foreheard and scalp; exits the orbit to the forehead and scalp)
  5. Anterior Ethmoidal
  6. Supratrochlear
  7. Dorsal Nasal A.
45
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A
  • Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic Veins

- which pass through the superior orbital fissure and enter the cavernous sinus.

46
Q

What is the venous drainage from the retina?What are veins in the eye called?

A

Central Vein of the Retina

  • veins in the eye = Vorticose Veins

SHB - Exam 2 (21 decks)

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