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Pharmaceutics > Oral Tablets > Flashcards

Oral Tablets Flashcards

1
Q

Is oral route the most common route?

A

YES

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2
Q

What is the European Pharmacopoeia?

A

A single reference work for quantity control of medicines

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3
Q

What is the BP?

A

Provides collection of authoritative official standards for UK pharmaceutical substances + medicinal products

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4
Q

What are the advantages of tablets?

A 
Convenient to take + handle
Better stability compared to liquid
Longer shelf life
precise dosing of drug
Cheap to mass produce
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of tablets?

A 
Slower onset of action
Poorer bioavailability = unfavourable drug properties
Instability in GI
Difficult to reverse therapy
GI irritation
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6
Q

Describe disintegrating tablet

A

Most common
Swallowed
Release drug quickly
Excipients used are not intended to modify drug release

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7
Q

Why is it good that disintegrating drugs release quickly?

A

Aids fast + complete drug release once in digestive fluids

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8
Q

Why are there uncoated disintegrating tablets?

A

Conventional or plain tablets

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9
Q

Why are there coated disintegrating tablets?

A

Smooth surface + coloured

BUT doesn’t alter release profile

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10
Q

Describe gastro-resistant tablets

A

Delayed-release
Intended to resist gastric fluid
Release drug in intestinal fluid

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11
Q

What are gastro-resistant tablets covered in?

A

Gastro-resistant coating
OR
Granules/particles already covered with gastro-resistant coating

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12
Q

Describe modified-release tablets

A

Coated or uncoated
Contain special excipients
Should be swallowed whole

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13
Q

What are modified-release tablets designed for?

A

Modify rate, place or time at which drugs are released

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14
Q

What is prolonged-release?

A

Drug released slowly at constant rate

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15
Q

What is delayed-release?

A

Drug released at some time after adminstration

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16
Q

What is pulsatile-release?

A

Drug released from formulation in 2 or more pulses

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17
Q

Describe effervescent tablets

A

Uncoated
Intended to be dissolved/dispersed in H2O
Contain WA + carbonate/bicarbonate

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18
Q

Why does effervescent tablets have a high carbonate content?

A 
Buffer solution temporarily increases stomach pH
= fast emptying of stomach
= drug enters intestine quicker
= faster absorption
= minimises stomach irritation
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19
Q

Why does effervescent tablets contain WA + carbonate?

A

React rapidly in H2O

= releases CO2

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20
Q

Describe sublingual tablets

A

Under the tongue

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21
Q

Describe buccal tablets

A

Buccal cavity (side of cheek)

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22
Q

What do both sublingual + buccal tablets do?

A

Provide rapid drug release for systemic effect without first-pass liver metabolism

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23
Q

Describe lozenges + pastilles

A

Solid, single dose preparations
Dissolve/disintegrate slowly in mouth
Local effect = oral cavity + throat

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24
Q

What is the difference between lozenges + pastilles?

A 
Lozenges = hard
Pastilles = soft, flexible
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25
Q

What are the product quality attributes

A 
Correct dose
Consistent weight, size, appearance + elegant
Drug released in controlled manner
Biocompatible
Sufficient mechanical strength
Stable throughout shelf-life
Packaged safely
Formulated suitable for patient
26
Q

What is biocompatibility?

A

Not cause patient harm

27
Q

Why must the product have sufficient mechanical strength?

A

Withstand fracture + erosion during handling

28
Q

What is the most common manufacturing?

A

Powder compression

29
Q

Describe powder compression

A

Requires 2 punches + die

When forced applied bonds formed

30
Q

What is die filling?

1

A

Powder flows down from hopper into die

31
Q

What is tablet formation?

2

A

Upper punch comes down into die
Compresses powder into tablet
When required amplified force reached
Upper punch moves upwards

32
Q

What is tablet ejection?

3

A

Lower punch rises to eject tablet

Pushing device removes tablet form die

33
Q

Describe single punch press

A

1 die + 1 pair of punches
Lower punch = stationary
Pressure applied by upper punch when descends

34
Q

When is single punch press used?

A

Used in formulation development + production for clinical trials

35
Q

Describe rotary press

A

Large scale production
Multiple punches + dies
Die table + punches rotate together

36
Q

Describe tablet tooling

A

Come in different shapes + sizes

Dictated by different tools + design of die + punches

37
Q

What are the different tablet shapes?

A

Circular, oval, oblong, triangular + quadratic

38
Q

What are different side views?

A

Flat, convex

With/without bevelled edges

39
Q

Why do tablets have break marks?

A

Facilitate tablets breaking for reproducible doses

40
Q

What are different markings?

A

Embossed or debossed

41
Q

Why do tablets have excipients?

A

Control quality attributes

Aid manufacturing

42
Q

When would a tablet have no excipients?

A

If active ingredient has optimal properties

43
Q

What are the excipients?

A 
Filler (diluent)
Disintegrate
Binder (adhesive)
Glidant
Lubricant
Anti-adherent
44
Q

When is filler added?

A

When tablets more than 50mg

45
Q

Why is filler added?

A

To increase bulk vol of powder

= increases tablet size

46
Q

What is the most common filler and why is it used?

A 
Lactose
Readily dissolves in H2O
Pleasant taste
Good compatibility
Non-hygroscopic
47
Q

What is limitation of lactose?

A

Lactose intolerant

48
Q

Why is disintegrate used?

A

Allows tablet to break up into small fragments when in contact with liquid
= promotes rapid drug dissolution = bioavailability

49
Q

What is the most common disintegrate + why is it used?

A

Starch
Swells in contact with H2O
Swelling disrupts tablet = larger SA during dissolution

50
Q

How much starch is normally added?

A

Up to 10%

51
Q

Why is binder added?

A

Ensures granules + tablets can be formed with required mechanical strength

52
Q

How can binders be added?

A

Powders or solutions

53
Q

What are examples of solution binders?

A

Starch, sucrose, gelatin + polymers (PVP)

54
Q

What are examples of dry binders?

A

Microcrystalline cellulose

55
Q

Why are glidant added?

A

Improve powder flowability by reducing cohesion between particles

56
Q

What is the most common glidant + why is it used?

A

Colloidal silica
Vey small particles
Adhere to particles surface of other ingredients
Reduce inter-particulate friction = improves flow

57
Q

How much colloidal silica normally added?

A

1-2% w/w

58
Q

Why is lubricant added?

A

Lower friction between solid + machine wall

Improve tablet formation + ejection

59
Q

What is the most common lubricant?

A

Magnesium stearate

60
Q

Why is anti-adherent added?

A

Reduces adhesion between powder + punch faces
Prevents particles sticking to punches
Important if tablet has markings

61
Q

What are examples of anti-adherent?

A

Mg stearate, talc, starch + cellulose

Pharmaceutics (21 decks)

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