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Pharmaceutics > Oral Capsules > Flashcards

Oral Capsules Flashcards

1
Q

What are capsules?

A

Solid preparations with hard or soft shells of various shapes + capacities, containing single dose of active substances

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2
Q

What are advantages of capsules?

A 
Easier to swallow than tablets
Easier to handle + carry
Easy to identify wide range of colours
Tasteless
Required minimal excipients
Minimal pressure to compact
High drug loading possible (up to 90%)
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3
Q

What are disadvantages of capsules?

A

Not suitable for highly soluble substances
Not suitable for highly deliquescent materials
High product cost

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4
Q

Why are capsules not suitable for highly soluble substances?

A

Can cause sudden release in stomach = irritation

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5
Q

Why are capsules not suitable for highly deliquescent materials?

A

May dry shell = brittleness

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6
Q

What are the different types of capsules?

A 
Cachets
Hard capsules
Soft capsules
Gastro-resistant capsules
Modified-release capsules
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7
Q

What are hard + soft capsules made form?

A

Gelatin

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8
Q

How many pieces are hard capsules?

A

2

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9
Q

How many pieces are soft capsules?

A

1

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10
Q

How is gelatin made?

A

Hydrolysis of collagen from connective tissues

Made form calf bones + pig skin

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11
Q

What is the acid process for producing gelatin?

A 
Animal collagen
Acidification pH 4
Heating from 50 degrees to boiling
Elimination of fate
Filtration
Vacuum evaporation
Drying
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12
Q

How long does acid process take?

A

7-10 days

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13
Q

What does the acid process produce?

A

Type A gelatin

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14
Q

What is the alkali process for producing gelatin?

A 
Animal collagen 
Treatment with NaOH
Remove NaOH
Treatment with acid to adjust pH
Heating from 50 degrees to boiling 
Demineralisation 
Filtration
Vacuum evaporation
Drying
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15
Q

How long does alkali process take?

A

70-100 days

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16
Q

What does the alkali process produce?

A

Type B gelatin

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17
Q

What are the properties of gelatin?

A

Non-toxic + non-irritant
Soluble in biological fluids at body temp
Good film forming properties
Solutions of high conc mobile at 50 degrees
Change to a gel above RT

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18
Q

What are the problems with gelatin?

A

Gelatin allergy

Vegans + vegetarians

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19
Q

Why are colourants added?

A

Improve patient compliance
Medication identification
Phycological effect
Potential for light protection

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20
Q

What are the two types of colourants?

A

Water soluble dyes

Insoluble pigments

21
Q

Why are optional materials added?

A

Process aids - eg. surfactants
Preservatives
Performance aids - eg. flavouring agent

22
Q

Describe hard capsule

A

Most common
Consist of cap + body
Filled with drug

23
Q

How many sizes of hard capsules are available?

A

8

24
Q

What must hard capsule filling be?

A 
Free form large amount of moisture
Not react with shell
Not leak out
Have good powder flow
Not be adhesive
Be capable of being filled uniformly
25
Q

Why are diluents added in hard capsules?

A

Bulk forming properties

26
Q

Why are lubricants added in hard capsules?

A

Reduce powder to metal adhesion

27
Q

Why are glidants added in hard capsules?

A

Reduce powder cohesion

28
Q

Why are wetting agents added in hard capsules?

A

Improve H2O penetration

29
Q

Why are stabilisers added in hard capsules?

A

Improve product stability

30
Q

Why are disintegrates added in hard capsules?

A

Produce disruption of powder mass

31
Q

How are hard capsules filled?

A

Empty capsules orientated in correct position
2 halves separated
Exact dose places onto surface of body plate + spread with spatula to fill capsule
Cap locked on body
Filled capsule removed from machine

32
Q

What does soft capsules consist of?

A

Liquid or semisolid matrix sealed inside one-piece flexible solid-phase gelatin shell

33
Q

What are the advantages of soft capsules?

A 
Increase rate of absorption
Tasteless
Easy to swallow
Enhanced safety
Dose uniformity
Product stability
34
Q

Why are soft capsules increased rate of absorption?

A

Already solution

35
Q

Why do soft capsules have enhanced safety?

A

No airborne powder during manufacturing

36
Q

Why is it good that soft capsules have dose uniformity?

A

Better homogeneity + flow than powder

37
Q

Why are soft capsules more stable?

A

Drug protected by shell + lipid vehicles

Against oxidation, moisture, ect

38
Q

What are the types of soft capsules?

A 
Oral soft capsules
Chewable
Twist-off
Suckable
Meltable
39
Q

What are the composition of soft capsules?

A

Gelatin (40%)
Plasticizers (20-30%)
H2O

40
Q

Why are plasticizers used?

A

Make shell soft + pliable

41
Q

Why is H2O used?

A

Allow proper processing during gel preparation + soft gel encapsulation

42
Q

What are the different types of softgel fill matrices?

A

Lipophilic liquid
Hydrophilic liquid
Self-emulsifying liquid

43
Q

Why are lipophilic liquid used?

A

For lipophilic drugs

eg. vitamin D + steroids

44
Q

Why are self-emulsifying liquid used?

A

Auto emulsifies to form droplets when in contact with GI fluid
Allow greater capacity to solubilise drug
High SA of droplet facilitate rapid diffusion of drug

45
Q

What do self-emulsifying liquid contain?

A

oil + surfactant

46
Q

What is an example of lipophilic liquid?

A

Triglyceride oils

47
Q

What is an example of hydrophilic liquid?

A

Polyethene glycol

48
Q

How are softgels manufactured?

A

Fully automated machine

Pharmaceutics (21 decks)

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