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DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Oral Mucosal Immunity > Flashcards

Oral Mucosal Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 challenges of the mucosal surfaces

A
  1. Most frequent point of entry for pathogens so must have effective response
  2. Must tolerate commensal organisms
  3. Oral cavity membranes must protect and tolerate environmental insults
  4. GIT membranes must allow absorption of nutrients
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2
Q

What 2 bacteria colonise the oral cavity in the birth canal?

A
  1. Lactobacilli

2. Bacteroides

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3
Q

When are reservoir populations established in the tongue and mucosa?

A

During infancy

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4
Q

What 3 things can alter the colonisation of the oral cavity?

A
  1. Tooth eruption
  2. Hormonal shifts
  3. Complete loss of teeth
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5
Q

What is the function of junctional epithelium?

A

Helps gum tissue to join to tooth

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6
Q

Where is particularly susceptible for microorganisms to enter in the oral cavity?

A

Junctional epithelium

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7
Q

What characterises oral mucosa in contrast to skin?

A
  1. Highly vascularised

2. Highly permeable

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8
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa-associated l

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9
Q

What initiates immune responses to antigens along mucosal surfaces?

A

Mucosal immune system (MALT)

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10
Q

What are MALT inductive sites?

A

Secondary immune tissues where antigen sampling occurs and immune responses are initiated

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11
Q

What are MALT effector sites?

A

Sites at which effector cells perform their function

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12
Q

Name an example of a MALT effector site

A

Sites of IgA transport across the mucosal epithelium

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13
Q

What regulates mucosal immunity?

A

Coordination between inductive and effector sites

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14
Q

What glands are examples of inductive and effector sites?

A

Salivary

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15
Q

Where are mucosal dendritic cells found?

A

Oral mucosa inductive site

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16
Q

What is the function of mucosal dendritic cells?

A

Capture and present antigens found in the oral cavity

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17
Q

How do mucosal dendritic cells present antigens?

A

Capture antigens from peripheral tissues and migrate to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the soft tissues of the human oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What 2 areas of the oral cavity have keratinised epithelium?

A
  1. Gingiva

2. Hard palate

20
Q

What 3 areas of the oral cavity have non keratinised epithelium?

A
  1. Floor of the mouth
  2. Buccal regions
  3. Soft palate
21
Q

What mucosa is found in the GIT?

A

Simple epithelium

22
Q

Why are epithelial cells shed continuously?

A

Form a protective shield against pathogens

23
Q

What is the function of keratinised epithelium?

A

Mechanical barrier which makes this epithelium more resistant to wear and injury

24
Q

Name 5 functions of saliva

A
  1. Maintains homeostasis of oral environment
  2. Maintains moist atmosphere
  3. Maintains stable, slightly acidic, pH
  4. Flush microorganisms from mucosal and tooth surfaces
  5. Mucins lubricate surfaces
25
Q

What happens to pathogens flushed from mucosal and tooth surfaces by saliva?

A

Swallowed and inactivated in the stomach

26
Q

Name 2 major antimicrobial components of saliva

A
  1. Lactoferrin

2. Salivary peptides

27
Q

What are 2 functions of lactoferrin?

A
  1. Binds iron, leading to bacterial growth inhibition, particularly in gram negative anaerobes
  2. Inhibits colonisation of oral bacteria and dental plaque formation
28
Q

Name 2 salivary peptides

A
  1. Histatins

2. Defensins

29
Q

What are histatins?

A

Small salivary-derived histidine rich polypeptides with marked antifungal activity

30
Q

Name 3 salivary enzymes

A
  1. Lactoperoxidase
  2. Lysozyme
  3. IgA
31
Q

What is the function of lactoperoxidase?

A

Catalyses formation of hypothiocyanite ion from hydrogen peroxide and thiocyanate ion, which reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins and inhibits bacterial metabolism

32
Q

What is the function of lysozyme?

A

Acts on peptidoglycans in the cell wall of susceptible bacteria causing cell lysis and death

33
Q

Name 3 functions of secretory IgA

A
  1. Prevents bacterial adhesion to host cells or salivary pellicle
  2. Acts as specific agglutinin of bacteria and fungi
  3. Has anti-inflammatory properties
34
Q

What is salivary pellicle?

A

Layer of saliva which forms over tooth

35
Q

What are IgA’s anti-inflammatory properties?

A

Binding of IgA to Fc-a receptors on macrophages and PMNs downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production

36
Q

Name 3 characteristics of secretory IgA

A
  1. Found as dimer connected by J chain
  2. Contains secretory component (“Sc” protein)
  3. Secreted by plasma cells in salivary glands
37
Q

What is gingival crevicular fluid?

A

A serum transudate or inflammatory exudate derived from periodontal tissues and found in the gingival sulcus

38
Q

Name 3 places from where the components of GCF are derived

A
  1. Serum
  2. Periodontal tissues
  3. Bacteria
39
Q

Name 3 protective functions of GCF

A
  1. Flow washes away bacteria and toxic by-products
  2. Immunoglobulins bind to bacteria and opsonise them
  3. Enzymes released within GCF destroy bacteria and bacterial products
40
Q

What are the 2 main sources of immunoglobulins in the oral cavity?

A
  1. Salivary glands

2. Mucosal plasma cells

41
Q

What cells are of particular importance in defending the gingival crevice?

A

Neutrophils

42
Q

What is the main function of the unique defensive properties of the oral cavity?

A

Protect teeth, jaws, gingival and oral mucosal tissues against infection

43
Q

Name 2 things which can affect the balance of microbial flora in the oral mucosa

A
  1. Broad spectrum antibiotics

2. Immunocompromising diseases

44
Q

What 5 things can allow bacteria to avoid destruction in the oral cavity?

A
  1. Production of bacterial proteases which degrade immunoglobulin and complement molecules
  2. Production of exotoxins which alter immune and inflammatory cell function
  3. Development of complex oral bacterial eco-systems biofilms
  4. Bacteria are difficult to detect following invasion of epithelial cells
  5. Crypts and fissures of the tongue are favourable for gram negative anaerobes
45
Q

Why does a biofilm tend to protect bacteria?

A

Many of the bacterial antigens are hidden in the biofilm

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

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