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DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Antigen specificity
  2. Diversity
  3. Immunological memory
  4. Self regonition
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral immunity

2. Cell-mediated immunity

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3
Q

How is humoral immunity mediated?

A

Antibodies

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4
Q

How is cell-mediated immunity mediated?

A

CD8 and antigen-specific T cells

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5
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance capable of inducing a specific immune response

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6
Q

Describe 5 characteristics of antibodies

A
  1. Produced by B-cells and plasma cells
  2. Can be membrane bound or secreted
  3. Glycoprotein molecules
  4. Include light and heavy chains
  5. Held together by disulphide bonds and non-covalent interactions
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7
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Glycoprotein molecules which are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen (antigen) and which function as antibodies

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8
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

Antibodies produced in response to antigen injection

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9
Q

How does Ag adsorbed serum differ from immune serum with regards to its protein composition?

A
  • Albumin is present in relatively similar amounts in both serums
  • Alpha-1, Alpha-2 and Beta globulins are present in slightly higher amounts in immune serum
  • Gamma globulins are present in much higher volumes in immune serum
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10
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A
  • Made up of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains
  • Light chains connected to heavy chains by Na-S-S bond to create chain which also connects 2 heavy chains
  • Viable region is made up of part of the heavy chain and part of the light chain and is found in the Fab section
  • Fc section binds to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells
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11
Q

Name 5 types of immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgA
  2. IgD
  3. IgE
  4. IgG
  5. IgM
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12
Q

Which immunoglobulin is considered pentameric (not monomeric)?

A

IgM

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13
Q

Which 2 immunoglobulins are predominant in serium?

A
  1. IgD

2. IgG

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14
Q

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mucosal immunity?

A

IgA

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15
Q

Explain which immunoglobulin has low serum levels

A

IgE as it is bound to Fc receptors of mast cells

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16
Q

What happens to IgM if it is on B cells?

A

It takes on a monomeric form

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17
Q

What are 4 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Block virus or toxin entry
  2. Bound by complement to lyse bacteria
  3. Immobilize and agglutinate bacteria
  4. Activate extra-cellular killing
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18
Q

How do antibodies activate extra-cellular killing?

A

Act as opsonins

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19
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the major transporter across the endothelium?

A

IgA

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20
Q

Which 2 immunoglobulins are the major transporters across the placenta?

A
  1. IgG1

2. IgG3

21
Q

Which 3 immunoglobulins struggle to diffuse into extravascular sites?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgD
  3. IgE
22
Q

Which 3 immunoglobulins struggle to carry out the function of neutralization?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgD
  3. IgE
23
Q

Which 2 immunoglobulins are good at opsonization?

A
  1. IgG1

2. IgG3

24
Q

Which 2 immunoglobulins are good at sensitization for killing by NK cells?

A
  1. IgG1

2. IgG3

25
Q

Which immunoglobulin sensitizes mast cells?

A

IgE

26
Q

Which 3 immunoglobulins activate the complement system?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG1
  3. IgG3
27
Q

Why are IgE the best immunoglobulins at sensitizing mast cells?

A

Mast cells posses Fc epsilon receptor which has a high affinity for IgE

28
Q

Describe the two reactions which must occur for the activation of antibody producing cells

A
  • APC + T helper cell = T helper cell activation

- Activated T helper cell + B lymphocyte = B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells

29
Q

Describe the activation of immune cells involved in antibody response (until effector and memory cells are produced)

A
  • APC captures pathogen and degrades it by lysosomes
  • Peptides of pathogens become expressed with MHC class II proteins on surface of APC
  • T helper cell recognises complex
  • Specific T helper cell will be activated
  • Produces effector and memory cells
30
Q

Describe the activation of immune cells involved in antibody response (aftereffector and memory cells are produced)

A
  • Effector cell proliferates as it produced IL-2
  • Activated T helper cell interacts with B cell
  • Receptor on B cell causes activation of B cell leading to clonal expansion resulting in production of plasma cells and memory B cells
31
Q

What is necessary to facilitate the binding of T helper cells and complexes displayed on APCs or B cells?

A

Co-receptor, CD4

32
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow

2. Thymus

33
Q

What are 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
34
Q

What are 2 reasons for having secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Allows close proximity between microbes, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes so recognition can occur
  2. Allows activated T lymphocytes to interact with B lymphocytes
35
Q

What is the major difference between primary and secondary lymph tissues?

A

Primary lymph tissues is where immune cells originate and mature whereas immune cells simply reside in secondary lymph tissues

36
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of HIV infection

A
  • Immediately following exposure, HIV is present at high levels in the blood
  • Within 2 months the level declines in parallel with antibodies against HIV rising
  • After a length of time, the level of the virus can suddenly rise in correlation with decrease of antibodies against HIV
  • AIDS develops when killed CD4 cells can no longer be replaced
37
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Practice of artificially inducing immunity

38
Q

What is the goal of a vaccination?

A

Make memory T helper cells, memory killer T cells and memory B cells that will protect the vaccinated person against future exposure to pathogen

39
Q

Name 2 antibodies against HIV

A
  1. Anti-p24

2. Anti-gp120

40
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Immune response in which antigen-specific T cells dominate

41
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Principal defence against obligate intracellular microbes such as viruses and some bacteria which proliferate inside host cells

42
Q

How do viral-infected cells interact with cytotoxic T cells?

A

T cell receptor interact with cells expressing foreign antigen fragments associated with MHC class 1 molecules

43
Q

What is the co-receptor necessary for cytotoxic T cells to interact with viral-infected cells?

A

CD8

44
Q

Why does a virus express foreign antigen fragments associated with MHC class 1 molecules?

A
  • Viral infected cells cut virus into peptide fragments which will be associated with MHC class 1 molecules
  • Complex is transferred onto the membrane surface of infected cells
45
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill viral-infected cells?

A
  • Interacts with viral-infected cell
  • Induces secretion of lytic enzymes by the cytotoxic T cells
  • Lytic enzymes kill viral-infected cell
46
Q

Name 3 disorders of the immune system

A
  1. Hypersensitivity reactions
  2. Autoimmunity
  3. Immunodeficiencies
47
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Over-reaction of adaptive immune system to harmless antigens

48
Q

What is autoimmunity disease?

A

Misdirected adaptive immune response resulting from a loss of self-tolerance

49
Q

What are immunodeficiencies?

A

Components of immune system either absent or defective

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

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