Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Blood Bourne Viruses > Flashcards

Blood Bourne Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 key BBV agents and resultant diseases

A
  1. HBV - Hepatitis
  2. HCV - Hepatitis
  3. HIV - AIDS and HIV seroconversion illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the taxonomic status of HBV

A

Hepadnavirus with dsDNA genetic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the taxonomic status of HCV

A

Flavivirus with single-stranded RNA genetic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the taxonomic status of HIV

A

Lentivirus with RNA genetic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 similarities between the 3 key BBVs?

A
  1. Share routes of transmission

2. Have a lipid envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 routes of transmission of BBVs?

A
  1. Penetrative sexual intercourse
  2. Contaminated blood
  3. Vertical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What BBV is mainly transmitted by penetrative sexual intercourse?

A

HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What BBV is mainly transmitted by contaminated blood?

A

HCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What BBV is mainly transmitted by vertical means?

A

HBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of HBV

A

HBV does not directly kill liver cells and pathology is largely immune mediated (virus specific cytotoxic T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lab test for HBV?

A

Surface antigen test “HBsAg”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 2 factors increase risk of chronic HBV infection?

A
  1. Immunosuppression

2. Being male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the age-related effect on carrying HBV?

A

Likelihood of become a carrier decreases as a person grows older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 consequences of chronic hepatitis?

A
  1. Cirrhosis

2. Hepatocellular carinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Irreversible form of liver injury where liver is replaced by scar tissue which is fibrous so cannot carry out normal liver function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give 3 examples of the vertical manner in which HBV can be transmitted

A
  1. Intrauterine
  2. Perinatal infection
  3. Postnatal infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 4 ways BBVs can be transferred via blood?

A
  1. Contaminated needles or equipment shared by injecting drug users
  2. Tattooing or body piercing
  3. Healthcare settings
  4. Hepatitis carrier HCWs to patients while carrying out procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an overview of HBV epidemiology

A
  • 350 million infected

- Prevalent in southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 components of HBV diagnosis?

A
  1. HBs Ag
  2. HBe Ag
  3. HB core IgM
  4. Anti-HBs Ag
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of HBe Ag test?

A

Measure the amount of HBV DNA present to grae infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What would a positive test of HB core IgM indicate?

A

Recent infection

22
Q

What would a patient’s result be if there was HBsAg only present in their blood?

A

Infected with HBV

23
Q

What would a patient’s result be if there was HBsAg and high levels of HBe present in their blood?

A

High grade infection

24
Q

What would a patient’s result be if there was HBsAg and anti-HBe IgG present in their blood?

A

Low grade infection (les likely to suffer and transmit)

25
Q

What would a patient’s result be if there was anti-HBsAg only present in their blood?

A

Immune (vaccinated or virus has been cleared)

26
Q

How is HBV treated?

A

Suppression therapy using oral antiviral tenofovir

27
Q

How is the HBV vaccine engineered?

A

Genetically engineered HBsAg produced in yeast

28
Q

What 4 groups of people would HBV immunization be recommended for?

A
  1. Dialysis patients
  2. HCWs
  3. Sexual contacts of individuals with HBV
  4. Injecting drug users
29
Q

Why do E antigen positive mothers need to be aware of HBV?

A

There is 95% chance of transmission to baby which can be prevented by vaccine and immunoglobulin

30
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of the clinical course of HCV

A
  • Incubation period of 2-4 moths
  • Subclinical infection in acute phase is normal
  • 75% of HCV-infected patients develop chronic HCV
  • 15% progress to cirrhosis within 20 years and 1% per year risk of liver cancer in those with established cirrhosis
31
Q

Give an overview of HCV epidemiology

A
  • 170 million infected
  • 3% blood donors in world have HCV
  • 0.24% population in NI have HCV
  • Long gap between infection and significant disease
32
Q

What are 3 diagnostic methods which identify HCV?

A
  1. Serological assays to detect HCV antibody
  2. Qualitative and quantitative HCV RNA detection
  3. Genotype analysis
33
Q

Name 2 serological assays which detect HCV antibody

A
  1. EIA

2. RIBA

34
Q

What 2 ways was HCV treated in the past?

A
  1. Ribavirin

2. PEGylated interferon

35
Q

What 2 reasons are oral direct acting agents used to treat HCV now?

A
  1. Few side effects

2. Much higher efficacy

36
Q

What 2 types of cells does HIV infect?

A
  1. CD4 lymphocytes

2. Macrophages

37
Q

Describe HIV pathogenesis

A
  • CD4 molecule acts as receptor
  • Gradual immune destruction
  • Opportunistic infections
38
Q

What is CD4 count used as?

A

Measure of disease progression in HIV

39
Q

Name 5 types of opportunistic infections and an example of each which attack the body as a cause of HIV

A
  1. Viruses (CMV)
  2. Bacteria (salmonella)
  3. Protozoa (toxoplasma gondii)
  4. Fungi (Histoplasmosis)
  5. Tumours (Kaposi’s sarcoma B cell lymphoma)
40
Q

Describe HIV epidemiology

A
  • More than 40 million people infected
  • Around 30 million infected in sub-Saharan Africa
  • Rural communities in Africa have 40% positivity
  • TB big killer in rural African communities as reactivates due to immunosuppression
41
Q

What are the 4 steps in HIV diagnosis?

A
  1. Screening assays (antigen and antibody)
  2. Confirmatory assays (check specificity)
  3. Second sample as check
  4. Avidity testing (how recent was infection)
42
Q

Name 3 lab tests used for patients with HIV but are not to diagnose the virus

A
  1. HIV viral load (response to treatment)
  2. CD4 count (stage of illness)
  3. Mutational analysis (resistance to treatment)
43
Q

Name 3 main HIV antiretroviral therapies

A
  1. NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
  2. NNRTIS (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
  3. RIs (protease inhibitors)
44
Q

What does PrEP stand for?

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis

45
Q

What is the function of PrEP?

A

Drugs which prevent a negative patient from becoming infected with HIV

46
Q

Describe the risk of HIV in pregnancy

A

20% risk of mother to baby transmission

47
Q

What 3 ways can reduce the chance of HIV transmission during pregnancy?

A
  1. Elective caesarean
  2. Antiretroviral drugs given prophylactically
  3. No breast feeding
48
Q

Name 5 places a HIV test is offered

A
  1. GUM or sexual health clinics
  2. Antenatal services
  3. Pregnancy services
  4. Drug dependency programmes
  5. Healthcare services
49
Q

What 4 patients may be at risk of HIV?

A
  1. Patients diagnosed with STI
  2. Sexual partners of patients known to be HIV positive
  3. Men with disclosed sexual contact with other men
  4. Patients with history of injecting drug use
50
Q

What are 5 oral manifestations of HIV?

A
  1. Candidiasis
  2. Linear gingival erythema
  3. Hairy leuokplakia
  4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
  5. Gingivitis
51
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Tumour with systemic distribution with erythematous to violaceous cutaneous and oral lesions

52
Q

What is oral hairy leukoplakia?

A

Presents with white corrugated lesions on the tongue caused by Epstein-Barr virus

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions