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DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Cancer 1 > Flashcards

Cancer 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 types of non neoplastic growth disorders

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Atrophy
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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase number of cells

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased size of cells

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decreased size of cells

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5
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue with uncoordinated growth which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change

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6
Q

What is major difference between neoplasms and non neoplastic growths?

A

Non neoplastic growths are polyclonal where neoplasms are monoclonal

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7
Q

Name 2 mechanisms of growth disorders for non-neoplastic growths

A
  1. Normal

2. Adaption

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8
Q

Name 2 mechanisms of growth disorders for neoplastic growths

A
  1. Benign

2. Malignant

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9
Q

Name 2 structures malignant neoplasms break through which benign neoplasms do not

A
  1. Connective tissue

2. Surrounding / basement membrane

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10
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Rapid growth of abnormal cells but the basement membrane remains intact

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11
Q

What does a dysplastic growth tend to indicate?

A

An early neoplastic process

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12
Q

Name 4 microscopic characteristics of dysplasia

A
  1. Cells of unequal size
  2. Pleomorhpism
  3. Hyperchromatism
  4. Presence of mitotic figures
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13
Q

What is pleomorhpism?

A

Abnormally shaped cells

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14
Q

What is hyperchromatism?

A

Excessive nuclear pigmentation

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15
Q

Describe a carcinoma in situ

A
  • Early form of cancer
  • No invasion of tumour into surrounding tissues
  • No penetration through basement membrane
  • Neoplastic cells proliferate in normal habitat
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16
Q

Describe the typical characteristics of a benign tumour compared to a malignant tumour

A
  • Slower growing
  • Capsulated
  • Non-invasive
  • Does not metastasize
  • Well differentiated
17
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread to a distance site

18
Q

Name 3 types of metastasis

A
  1. Lymphatic
  2. Haematogenous
  3. Implantation in body cavities
19
Q

What form of benign tumour can be particularly dangerous?

A

Secretory forms e.g. parathyroid adenomas

20
Q

Describe the gross appearance of a benign tumour

A

Well circumscribed or encapsulated

21
Q

Describe the gross appearance of a malignant tumour

A

Often poorly defined or irregular

22
Q

Describe 4 components of the microscopic appearance of a benign tumour

A
  1. Few mitoses
  2. Usually resemble tissue of origin
  3. Necrosis is rare
  4. Nuclear morphology usually normal
23
Q

Describe 4 components of the microscopic appearance of a malignant tumour

A
  1. Variable but may be many mitoses
  2. Variable but may only poorly resemble tissue of origin
  3. Necrosis is common
  4. Nuclear morphology may be variable
24
Q

What type of tumour does a monomorphic neoplasm tend to be?

A

Benign

25
Q

What type of tumour does a pleomorphic neoplasm tend to be?

A

Malignant

26
Q

What does the suffix -oma indicate?

A

Tumour (usually benign)

27
Q

Name 2 cancers ending in -oma which are malignant?

A
  1. Melanoma

2. Lymphoma

28
Q

What does the suffix -carcinoma indicate?

A

Epithelial malignancy

29
Q

What does the suffix -sarcoma indicate?

A

Connective tissue malignancy

30
Q

What does the suffix -aemia indicate?

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow derived cells

31
Q

Name several examples of prefixes used to indicate areas of the body

A
  • Adeno (glandular epithelium)
  • Papillo (non-glandular epithelium)
  • Lipo (fat)
  • Osteo (bone)
  • Chondro (cartilage)
  • Angio (blood vessel)
  • Rhabdo (skeletal muscle)
  • Leiomyo (smooth muscle)
32
Q

Describe the cells in a lymphoma

A

Numerous small cells with dark nuclei and little to no cytoplasm

33
Q

Name 3 ways samples are gained for pathologists to diagnose cancers

A
  1. Aspirations / smears
  2. Small tissue biopsies
  3. Large resections
34
Q

Name 2 types of small tissue biospies

A
  1. Incisional

2. Excisional

35
Q

Describe a needle biopsy

A

A needle is used to draw sample fluid and tissue from a lump to be studies

36
Q

What is VIP machine?

A

Vacuum Infiltration Process used to dehydrate specimen to allow for processing

37
Q

Name 4 components of pathology reporting for clinical teams

A
  1. Confirmation of tumour presence
  2. Type of tumour
  3. Grade
  4. Pathological staging
38
Q

What is a tumour grade?

A

Captures anaplasticity of a tumour, quantifying the degree of differentiation of the cancerous cells

39
Q

Why is grading of tumours important?

A

General predictor of behaviour

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

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