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DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What must innate immunity recognise?

A

Highly conserved and essential components of microbes to counter the rapid evolution of microbes

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2
Q

Name 4 key families of Pattern Recognition Receptors

A
  1. Toll-like
  2. Rigl-like
  3. NOD-like
  4. C-type lectin
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3
Q

What does PAMPs stand for?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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4
Q

What 2 TLRs form dimers?

A
  • TLR1 with TLR2

- TLR6 with TLR2

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5
Q

What does TLR1 coupled with TLR2 recognise?

A

Diacyl lipopeptide

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6
Q

What does TLR6 coupled with TLR2 recognise?

A

Triacyl lipopeptide

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7
Q

What does TLR3 recognise?

A

dsRNA

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8
Q

What does TLR4 recognise?

A

LPS

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9
Q

What does TLR5 recognise?

A

Flagellin

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10
Q

What does TLR7 recognise?

A

Imidazoquinoline

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11
Q

What does TLR9 recognise?

A

CpG DNA

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12
Q

How does the immune system recognise PAMPs?

A

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

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13
Q

Where are TLRs which recognize nucleic acids found?

A

Localized inside cells as they promote discrimination between viral and self nucleic acids

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14
Q

What occurs if a TLR is engaged?

A

It produced signals, activating transcription factors which causes gene transcription in the nucleus to produce chemokines and interferons

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15
Q

What is the main pathway activated following TLR engagement?

A

NF-kB pathway

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16
Q

What 5 things are under the control of NF-kB oathway?

A
  1. Inflammatory cytokines
  2. Adhesion molecules
  3. Immune effector molecules
  4. Chemokines
  5. Pro-survival molecules
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17
Q

What is the main chemokine which attracts neutrophils?

A

IL-8

18
Q

What is the function of ICAM-1 adhesion molecules?

A

Promote adhesion of neutrophils on vascular endothelium to allow the neutrophil to move inside tissues

19
Q

What is the function of FasL immune effector molecules?

A

Control apoptosis

20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Death of immune cells

21
Q

What is the function of pro-survival molecules?

A

Allows immune cells to survive longer during infection

22
Q

Name 5 cytokines produced by macrophages in response to bacterial challenges

A
  1. IL-1
  2. TNF-a
  3. IL-6
  4. IL-8
  5. IL-12
23
Q

What are the 4 local effects of IL-1?

A
  1. Activates vascular endothelium
  2. Activates lymphocytes
  3. Local tissue destruction
  4. Increase access of effector cells
24
Q

What is the local effect of IL-6?

A

Lymphocyte activation increases antibody production

25
Q

What is the local effect of IL-8?

A

Chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

26
Q

What are the 2 local effects of IL-12?

A
  1. Activates NK cells

2. Induced differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells

27
Q

What are the 3 local effects of TNF-a?

A
  1. Increase vascular permeability
  2. Increased entry of IgG complement and cells to tissues
  3. Increased drainage to lymph nodes
28
Q

What are the 2 systemic effects of IL-1?

A
  1. Fever

2. Production of IL-6

29
Q

What are the 3 systemic effects of TNF-a?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Shock
  3. Mobilization of metabolites
30
Q

What are the 2 systemic effects of IL-6?

A
  1. Fever

2. Induces acute-phase protein production

31
Q

What does TNF-a stand for?

A

Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha

32
Q

Give 5 characteristics of TNF-a

A
  • Derived from macrophages and T cells
  • Induces neutrophil activation
  • Activates endothelial cells
  • Long-term it can induce cachexia
  • Acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever
33
Q

What occurs once complement pathways are activated?

A
  • Compliment proteins are created
  • These bind to mast cells which release histamine
  • This diffuses to endothelium which augments vascular permeability, facilitating migration of immune cells
34
Q

What 3 substances are produced due to tissue damage?

A
  1. Bradykinin
  2. Fibrin
  3. Fibrinopeptides
35
Q

What 4 things does bradykinin, fibrin and fibrinopeptides produce?

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Pain
  3. Heat
  4. Redness
36
Q

What are 2 roles of antiviral immunity?

A
  1. Blocking infection

2. Blocking viral replication

37
Q

Name 3 antiviral effects of IFN-a and IFN-b

A
  1. Induce resistance to viral replication
  2. Increase MHC class 1 expression
  3. Activate NK cells
38
Q

What produces IFN?

A

Virus-infected cells

39
Q

What is the function of MHC class 1 proteins?

A

Augment cytotoxic T cell action

40
Q

What can be a potential problem with MHC class 1 expression?

A

Some viral cells can inhibit MHC class 1 expression

41
Q

How does the body circumnavigate the virus-infected cells inhibiting MHC class 1 expression?

A
  • NK cells have inhibitory receptors of MHC class 1 proteins
  • If MHC class 1 protein expression is inhibited, NK cells target the virus-infected cell
  • NK cells release lytic granules outside to target virus-infected cell

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

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