Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms > Microbes 1 > Flashcards

Microbes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of microbes?

A
  1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 domains within prokaryotes?

A
  1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms within eukaryotes?

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Plantae
  4. Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  1. Prokaryotes have no discrete organelles
  2. Prokaryotes have no nucleus
  3. Prokaryotes have DNA with circular genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Koch’s 1st Postulate?

A

The microorganism should be isolated from all cases of a specific disease but should not be found in healthy individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Koch’s 2nd Postulate?

A

The microorganism should be isolated from the diseased individual and grown in a pure culture on an artificial medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Koch’s 3rd Postulate?

A

The microorganism should reproduce the specific disease when inoculated into a healthy person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Koch’s 4th Postulate?

A

The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a potential limitation of Koch’s Postulated?

A

Healthy individuals may possess some levels of a microorganism but not enough to make them unhealthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 5 main types of pathogenic organisms

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa and Helminths
  5. Prions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria

A

Thick, peptidoglycan layer containing lipoteichoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

A

Thin, peptidoglycan layer containing lipopolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 key differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A
  1. Gram-positive cell wall has a thick peptidoglycan layer
  2. Gram positive cell wall has no LPS
  3. Gram negative cell wall has inner and outer membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall?

A

Cell wall strength obtained through cross links between adjacent strands through a pentapeptide bridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 main structural components of peptidoglycan?

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 components of LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core oligosaccharide
  3. O-polysaccharide or O-antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 2 functions of LPS

A
  1. Protect peptidoglycan from lysozyme

2. Impedes entry of antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Aqueous environment packed with biosynthetic machinery required for growth and cell division and the genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Double helix of DNA arranged in supercoiled circular state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are inclusion granules?

A

Storage products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the bacterial cell envelope?

A

Several layers of material which enclose the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What makes up a bacterial cell envelope?

A

Plasma membrane, cell wall and sometimes a capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes up a bacterial capsule?

A

Mainly polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 3 functions of bacterial capsules?

A
  1. Protect against phagocytosis
  2. Complement lysis
  3. Important for adhesion to surfaces and biofilm formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give 2 examples of surface appendages on bacterial cells

A
  1. Flagella

2. Pili/Fimbriae

26
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long, helical filaments extending from the cell surface

27
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Enable movement

28
Q

What are flagella made up of?

A

Protein subunits called flagellin

29
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Attachment to other bacteria or to host cells

30
Q

On what type of bacteria are pili generally found on?

A

Gram negative

31
Q

What is a bacterial spore?

A

Highly resistant resting phase, facilitating survival in adverse conditions

32
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Process of a vegetative cell forming a spore

33
Q

What is germination?

A

The process of a spore transforming into a vegetative cell

34
Q

What are the 4 main ways to classify bacteria?

A
  1. Gram staining
  2. Morphology
  3. Respiration
  4. Shape/Reproduction
35
Q

What are 3 minor ways to classify bacteria?

A
  1. Motility
  2. Spores
  3. Enzyme activity
36
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink

37
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple

38
Q

What are the 2 main shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cocci (circle)

2. Bacilli (rods)

39
Q

What are the two ways a bacterium can respire?

A
  1. Aerobically

2. Anaerobically

40
Q

What are obligate anaerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria which cannot live in the presence of oxygen

41
Q

What are facultative anaerobe bacteria?

A

Bacteria which can live either in the presence or absence of oxygen

42
Q

What are the two processes which bacteria use to produce energy?

A
  1. Respiration

2. Fermentation

43
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually by binary fission

44
Q

How does replication of genes occur in bacteria?

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds DNA stand by breaking H bonds
  • DNA polymerase adds bases to leading strand in continuous fashion
  • DNA polymerase adds bases to lagging strand in discontinuous fashion
45
Q

What direction can DNA polymerase add bases?

A

3’ to 5’

46
Q

What is the name of the replication mechanism of bacterial DNA?

A

Semi conservative

47
Q

Name 2 ways changes can occur in bacterial genome

A
  1. Mutation

2. Recombination

48
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Changes in DNA nucleotide sequence

49
Q

What are 4 types of mutation?

A
  1. Point mutations
  2. Deletions
  3. Insertions
  4. Inversions
50
Q

What is recombination?

A

Rearrangement of DNA involving breaking and re-joining of 2 homologous DNA double helices

51
Q

Name 2 extrachromosomal elements of bacteria

A
  1. Plasmids

2. Bacteriophages

52
Q

What is an extrachromosomal element?

A

Small, independently replicating nucleic acid molecules

53
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small replicating circular units of double stranded DNA

54
Q

What can larger plasmids offer to a bacteria?

A

Can carry genes conferring phenotypic advantage-resistance to antimicrobials

55
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Bacterial viruses that can survive inside and out bacterial cells

56
Q

What are 4 methods of genetic transfer in bacteria?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
  4. Transposition
57
Q

What is transformation?

A

Naked DNA released following lysis of a bacterial cell wall, which is recombined with recipient cell chromosomal DNA

58
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transfer of genetic material by infection with a bacteriophage

59
Q

What is conjugation?

A

A sex pilus allows cell to cell contact for DNA contact (only between closely related species)

60
Q

What is transposition?

A

DNA sequences jump from a site in one DNA molecule to another cell

DEN 2027 - Disease Mechanisms (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions