Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

241 Oral Pathology > Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease > Flashcards

Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are some endocrine disorders with oral manifestations?

A
  • Hyperpituitarism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Addison disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hyperpituitarism?

A
  • Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland
  • Most often caused by a benign tumor (pituitary adenoma) that produces growth hormone
  • Gigantism results if it occurs before closure of long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical features of hyperpituitarism

A
  • Affects men and women in their 40’s
  • Poor vision
  • Light sensitivity
  • Enlargement of hands and feet
  • Increase in rib size
  • Enlargement of max and mand may cause separation of teeth and malocclusion
  • Enlargement of nasal bones
  • Enlargement of max sinus leads to voice deeepening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperpituitarism

A

May have thickened lips and macroglossia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is hyperpituitarism diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Diagnosed by measuring growth hormone (normal=decrease in hormone, acromegaly=hormone does not decrease)
  • Tx: Pituitary gland surgery, radiation therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Excess poduction of thyroid hormone (TSH)
  • More common in women than men
  • Common cause is Graves disease
  • Other causes: thyroid hyperplasia, tumors, pituitary gland disease, metastatic tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Graves disease?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate thyroid cells
  • Thyroid enlarges
  • Too much TSH is produced
  • Increase in metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical features of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Thyroid enlargement
  • Rosy complexion
  • Erythema of palms
  • Excessive sweating
  • Fine hair
  • Softened nails
  • Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
  • Anxiety, weakness, restlessness, cardiac problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A
  • May lead to premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth in children and premature eruption of permanent teeth
  • Osteoporosis may affect AB
  • Caries and PD may appear and develop more rapidly
  • Burning tongure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for hyperthyroidism

A
  • Surgery
  • Medications to suppress thyroid activity
  • Radioactive iodine
  • Clinical management may lead to hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A
  • Decrease in output of TSH
  • Caused by: Hashimotos’s disease (immune system attacking thyroid), Developmental disturbances, Autoimmune destruction of thyroid, Iodine deficiency, Drugs, TX for hyperthyroidism
  • Causes intolerance to cold, hai loss, dry skin, muscle pain and weakness, fatigue, brittle nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oral manifestations of hypothyroidism

A
  • In infants: thickened lips, enlarged tongue, delayed eruption of teeth
  • In adults: enlarged tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical features of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • One or more parathyroid glands become overactive and secretes too much parathyroid hormone
  • Mild cases may cause joint stiffness
  • Severe cases may cause lethargy and coma
  • Kidney stones
  • Affects skeletal system and GI system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Loosening of teeth
  • Well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies
  • “Ground glass” appearance, loss of lamina dura
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A
  • Breakdown of fatty tissue leads to production of ketone acid
  • Ketone acid lowers the blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the range for normal blood glucose levels?

A

70-120 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are diagnostic blood glucose levels for diabetic pts?

A
  • Fasting= greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
  • Random= Greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL in a symptomatic pt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What other endocrine diseases is type I diabetes associated with?

A

Addison’s disease and Graves disease as well as pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Excessive thirst and intake of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excessive urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Excessive appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is brittle diabetes?

A

Uncontrolled blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the characteristics of how type I diabetes works?

A

Insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed
Patients require insulin their entire lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is type 2 diabetes characterized?

A
  • By insulin resistance
  • Gradual onset
  • Usually occurs in ots 35-40 or older
  • Weight gain
  • DHCPs should provide pt education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is teh relationship between type 2 diabetes and obesity?

A

Obesity decreases the number of receptors for insulin binding in fat and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are adipokines?

A

Hormones from fatty tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oral complications from type 2 diabetes

A
  • Oral candidiasis
  • Mucormycosis: rare fungal infection on palate and max sinuses
  • Bilateral asymptomatic parotid gland enlargement
  • Xerostomia
  • PD
  • Accentuated response to plaque
  • Slow wound healing
  • Increased susceptibility to infection
29
Q

What is a\Addison’s disease characterized by?

A
  • Insufficient production of adrenal steroids
  • Causes may include: malignant tumor, tuberculosis, deep fungal infections, HIV, autoimmune disease
  • Predominant cause in the US and Europe is considered to be destruction of the adrenal gland due to autoimmune disease
30
Q

Clinical features of Addison’s disease

A

Stimulation of melanocytes: bronzing of the skin, melanotic macules on oral mucosa

31
Q

How is hypercortisolism characterized?

A

AKA Cushing Syndrome
- Caused by sistained increase in glucocorticosteroid levels
- Signs develop slowly
- Weight gain is most significant and obvious feature
- Other signs include: hypertension, hyperglycemia, mood alterations, decreased ability to respond to stress

32
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
  • Most often related to a decrease in number of circulating RBCs
  • Clinical features: pallor of skin and oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa, loss of papilla on dorsum of tongue
33
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • An insufficient amt of iron is supplied to bone marrow for RBC development
  • Possible causes include: deficient iron intake, blood loss from heavy menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding, boor iron absorption
  • Treated with dietary supplements
34
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Weakness/fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cardiac palpations
  • Dysphagia
  • Glossitis
  • Angular cheilitis exacerbated by oral candidiasis
  • Atrophy of papilla
  • Atrophy of upper alimentary tract
  • Predisposition to developing esophageal and oral cancer
35
Q

What is hemochomatosis?

A

Deposition of excessive iron throughout the body

36
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A
  • Inheited blood disorder
  • Occurs before age 30 more commonly in women
  • RBCs develop a sickle shape when thee is decreased oxygen
  • Radiographically: loss of trabeculation and large, iregular marrow spaces
  • Tx: O2, IV fluids, oral fluids
37
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A
  • Severe depression of bone barrow activity causes a decrease in all circulating blood cells: Pancytopenia
  • Primary aplastic anemia cuase unknown
  • Secondry aplasic anemia results from a drug or chemical agent
  • Life threatening blood disorder
38
Q

Oral manifestations of aplastic anemia

A
  • Infection
  • Spontaneous bleeding
  • Petechiae
  • Purpuric spots
39
Q

What are the 3 groups of WBCs found in ciculation?

A
  • Granulocytes: PMNs or neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
40
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Abnormally low WBC count

41
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils

42
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

Significant reduction in circulating neutrophils: leukopenia, neutropenia

43
Q

Causes of agranulocytosis

A
  • Problem in development of neutrophils
  • Accelerated destruction of neutrophils
44
Q

Clinical features and oral manifestations of agranulocytosis

A
  • Sudden onset of fever
  • Chills
  • Jaundice
  • Weakness
  • Sore throat
  • Oral infection
  • Oral necrotizing ulcerations
  • Excessive oral bleeding
  • Rapid destruction of tooth-supporting structures
  • Lymphadenopathy
45
Q

What is leukemia?

A
  • Malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic (blood forming) stem cells
  • Characterized by an excessive number of circulating abnormal WBCs
46
Q

How are acute leukemias characteized?

A
  • By very immature cells and a rapidly fatal course if not treated
  • Acute lymphobastic leukemia: involves immature lymphocytes (good prognosis)
  • Acute myeloblastic leukemia: involves immature granulocytes (prognosis not as good)
47
Q

Clinical features of acute leukemias

A
  • Sudden and dramatic onset
  • Weakness/fatigue caused by anemia
  • Fever caused by infection
  • EEnlargement of lymph nodes
  • Bleeding caused by decrease in platelets: thrombocytopenia
48
Q

Oral manifestations of leukemia

A
  • Gingival enkargement caused by infiltration of leukemic cells
  • Oral infections
  • Bleeding gums
  • Petechiae
  • Ecchymoses
  • Toothache caused by pulp infection
  • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
49
Q

Clinical features and oral manifestations of chronic leukemias

A
  • Slow onset of symptoms
  • Easy fatigability
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
  • Pallor of lips and gingiva
  • Gingival enlargement
  • Petechiae and ecchymosis
  • Gingival bleeding
  • Cervical lymphadenopathy
50
Q

What is celiac disease?

A
  • Chronic disorder associated with sensitivity to dietary gluten
  • Oral manifestations include: painful burning tongue, atrophy of papillae of tongue, ulceration of oral mucosa, nervousness
51
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Cessation of bleeding
* Defects caused by abnormalities of either platelets or coagulation factors

52
Q

What are platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Aggregate to form a temporary clot

53
Q

What is fibrin?

A

An insoluble protein essential to blood clotting

54
Q

What are clotting factors (coagulation factors)?

A

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin

55
Q

What is purpura?

A
  • Reddish-blue or purplish discoloration of skin or mucosa from spontaneous extravasation of blood
  • Can be due to a defect or deficiency in blood platelets
  • May also be due to capillary fragility
  • Blood may ooze from gingival margins, w/o the presence of gingivitis or inflammation
56
Q

What is thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

Bleeding disorder that results from a severe reduction in circulating platelets

57
Q

Oral manifestations of thrombocytopenic purpura

A
  • Spontaneous purpuric or hemorrhagic lesions of the skin
  • Pts bruise easily
  • Frequent nosebleeds
  • Smontaneous gingival bleeding
  • Petechiae
  • Clusters of petechiae or purpuric spots
  • Ecchymosis
58
Q

Results of radiation therapy

A
  • Destruction of salivary glands resulting in xerostomia
  • Pts prone to rampant caries and oral candidiasis
  • Prone to osteoradionecrosis
  • Potential sources for oral infection and teeth with questionable prognoses should be removed
59
Q

What are common complications of chemotherapy?

A
  • Mucositis and oral ulceration are common complications
  • Drugs used for cancer chemotherapy affect basal cells of the epithelium
  • Decrease in all blood cells may occur
    -Lowered RBC= anemia
    -Lowered WBC= infections
    -Lowered platelets= bleeding problems
60
Q

What are the oral effects of BP drugs, antianxiety meds, antipsychotic meds and antihistamines on the oral cavity?

A

Xerostomia- associated w/ oral candidiasis and caries

61
Q

What are the oral effects of prednisone and antibiotics?

A
  • Supresses the immune system and can lead to candidiasis and oral infections
  • Antibiotics also may increase risk of candidiasis
62
Q

Which drugs may cause gingival enlargement?

A
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin)
  • Nifedipine (Procardia)
  • Cyclosporine
63
Q

What are some of the qualifications for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw?

A
  • Current or previous tx w/ antiresorptive or antiangiogenic agent
  • Exposed bone that can be probed in the maxilofacial regious that has persisted at least 8 weeks
  • No history of radiation therapy to the jaws
64
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Mediation-elated osteonecrosis of the jaw

65
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Discoloration of teeth caused by ingestion of tetracycline

66
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Oral candidiasis caused by prednisone or antibiotics

67
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Radiation caries

68
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Mucositis during radiation therapy

69
Q

What condition is seen here?

A

Oral cancer

241 Oral Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions