Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

241 Oral Pathology > Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease > Flashcards

Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are some endocrine disorders with oral manifestations?

A
  • Hyperpituitarism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Addison disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hyperpituitarism?

A
  • Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland
  • Most often caused by a benign tumor (pituitary adenoma) that produces growth hormone
  • Gigantism results if it occurs before closure of long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical features of hyperpituitarism

A
  • Affects men and women in their 40’s
  • Poor vision
  • Light sensitivity
  • Enlargement of hands and feet
  • Increase in rib size
  • Enlargement of max and mand may cause separation of teeth and malocclusion
  • Enlargement of nasal bones
  • Enlargement of max sinus leads to voice deeepening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperpituitarism

A

May have thickened lips and macroglossia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is hyperpituitarism diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Diagnosed by measuring growth hormone (normal=decrease in hormone, acromegaly=hormone does not decrease)
  • Tx: Pituitary gland surgery, radiation therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Excess poduction of thyroid hormone (TSH)
  • More common in women than men
  • Common cause is Graves disease
  • Other causes: thyroid hyperplasia, tumors, pituitary gland disease, metastatic tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Graves disease?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate thyroid cells
  • Thyroid enlarges
  • Too much TSH is produced
  • Increase in metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical features of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Thyroid enlargement
  • Rosy complexion
  • Erythema of palms
  • Excessive sweating
  • Fine hair
  • Softened nails
  • Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
  • Anxiety, weakness, restlessness, cardiac problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A
  • May lead to premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth in children and premature eruption of permanent teeth
  • Osteoporosis may affect AB
  • Caries and PD may appear and develop more rapidly
  • Burning tongure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for hyperthyroidism

A
  • Surgery
  • Medications to suppress thyroid activity
  • Radioactive iodine
  • Clinical management may lead to hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A
  • Decrease in output of TSH
  • Caused by: Hashimotos’s disease (immune system attacking thyroid), Developmental disturbances, Autoimmune destruction of thyroid, Iodine deficiency, Drugs, TX for hyperthyroidism
  • Causes intolerance to cold, hai loss, dry skin, muscle pain and weakness, fatigue, brittle nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oral manifestations of hypothyroidism

A
  • In infants: thickened lips, enlarged tongue, delayed eruption of teeth
  • In adults: enlarged tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical features of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • One or more parathyroid glands become overactive and secretes too much parathyroid hormone
  • Mild cases may cause joint stiffness
  • Severe cases may cause lethargy and coma
  • Kidney stones
  • Affects skeletal system and GI system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Loosening of teeth
  • Well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies
  • “Ground glass” appearance, loss of lamina dura
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A
  • Breakdown of fatty tissue leads to production of ketone acid
  • Ketone acid lowers the blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the range for normal blood glucose levels?

A

70-120 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are diagnostic blood glucose levels for diabetic pts?

A
  • Fasting= greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
  • Random= Greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL in a symptomatic pt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What other endocrine diseases is type I diabetes associated with?

A

Addison’s disease and Graves disease as well as pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Excessive thirst and intake of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excessive urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Excessive appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is brittle diabetes?

A

Uncontrolled blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the characteristics of how type I diabetes works?

A

Insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed
Patients require insulin their entire lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is type 2 diabetes characterized?
- By insulin resistance - Gradual onset - Usually occurs in ots 35-40 or older - Weight gain - DHCPs should provide pt education
26
What is teh relationship between type 2 diabetes and obesity?
Obesity decreases the number of receptors for insulin binding in fat and muscle
27
What are adipokines?
Hormones from fatty tissue
28
Oral complications from type 2 diabetes
* Oral candidiasis * Mucormycosis: rare fungal infection on palate and max sinuses * Bilateral asymptomatic parotid gland enlargement * Xerostomia * PD * Accentuated response to plaque * Slow wound healing * Increased susceptibility to infection
29
What is a\Addison's disease characterized by?
- Insufficient production of adrenal steroids - Causes may include: malignant tumor, tuberculosis, deep fungal infections, HIV, autoimmune disease - Predominant cause in the US and Europe is considered to be destruction of the adrenal gland due to autoimmune disease
30
Clinical features of Addison's disease
Stimulation of melanocytes: bronzing of the skin, melanotic macules on oral mucosa
31
How is hypercortisolism characterized?
AKA Cushing Syndrome - Caused by sistained increase in glucocorticosteroid levels - Signs develop slowly - Weight gain is most significant and obvious feature - Other signs include: hypertension, hyperglycemia, mood alterations, decreased ability to respond to stress
32
What is anemia?
* Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood * Most often related to a decrease in number of circulating RBCs * Clinical features: pallor of skin and oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa, loss of papilla on dorsum of tongue
33
What is iron deficiency anemia?
- An insufficient amt of iron is supplied to bone marrow for RBC development - Possible causes include: deficient iron intake, blood loss from heavy menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding, boor iron absorption - Treated with dietary supplements
34
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?
- Weakness/fatigue - Shortness of breath - Cardiac palpations - Dysphagia - Glossitis - Angular cheilitis exacerbated by oral candidiasis - Atrophy of papilla - Atrophy of upper alimentary tract - Predisposition to developing esophageal and oral cancer
35
What is hemochomatosis?
Deposition of excessive iron throughout the body
36
What is sickle cell anemia?
* Inheited blood disorder * Occurs before age 30 more commonly in women * RBCs develop a sickle shape when thee is decreased oxygen * Radiographically: loss of trabeculation and large, iregular marrow spaces * Tx: O2, IV fluids, oral fluids
37
What is aplastic anemia?
* Severe depression of bone barrow activity causes a decrease in all circulating blood cells: Pancytopenia * Primary aplastic anemia cuase unknown * Secondry aplasic anemia results from a drug or chemical agent * Life threatening blood disorder
38
Oral manifestations of aplastic anemia
* Infection * Spontaneous bleeding * Petechiae * Purpuric spots
39
What are the 3 groups of WBCs found in ciculation?
- Granulocytes: PMNs or neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
40
What is leukopenia?
Abnormally low WBC count
41
What is neutropenia?
Reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils
42
What is agranulocytosis?
Significant reduction in circulating neutrophils: leukopenia, neutropenia
43
Causes of agranulocytosis
- Problem in development of neutrophils - Accelerated destruction of neutrophils
44
Clinical features and oral manifestations of agranulocytosis
- Sudden onset of fever - Chills - Jaundice - Weakness - Sore throat - Oral infection - Oral necrotizing ulcerations - Excessive oral bleeding - Rapid destruction of tooth-supporting structures - Lymphadenopathy
45
What is leukemia?
- Malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic (blood forming) stem cells - Characterized by an excessive number of circulating abnormal WBCs
46
How are acute leukemias characteized?
- By very immature cells and a rapidly fatal course if not treated - Acute lymphobastic leukemia: involves immature lymphocytes (good prognosis) - Acute myeloblastic leukemia: involves immature granulocytes (prognosis not as good)
47
Clinical features of acute leukemias
* Sudden and dramatic onset * Weakness/fatigue caused by anemia * Fever caused by infection * EEnlargement of lymph nodes * Bleeding caused by decrease in platelets: thrombocytopenia
48
Oral manifestations of leukemia
- Gingival enkargement caused by infiltration of leukemic cells - Oral infections - Bleeding gums - Petechiae - Ecchymoses - Toothache caused by pulp infection - Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
49
Clinical features and oral manifestations of chronic leukemias
- Slow onset of symptoms - Easy fatigability - Weakness - Weight loss - Anorexia - Pallor of lips and gingiva - Gingival enlargement - Petechiae and ecchymosis - Gingival bleeding - Cervical lymphadenopathy
50
What is celiac disease?
* Chronic disorder associated with sensitivity to dietary gluten * Oral manifestations include: painful burning tongue, atrophy of papillae of tongue, ulceration of oral mucosa, nervousness
51
What is hemostasis?
Cessation of bleeding * Defects caused by abnormalities of either platelets or coagulation factors
52
What are platelets (thrombocytes)?
Aggregate to form a temporary clot
53
What is fibrin?
An insoluble protein essential to blood clotting
54
What are clotting factors (coagulation factors)?
Convert fibrinogen to fibrin
55
What is purpura?
* Reddish-blue or purplish discoloration of skin or mucosa from spontaneous extravasation of blood * Can be due to a defect or deficiency in blood platelets * May also be due to capillary fragility * Blood may ooze from gingival margins, w/o the presence of gingivitis or inflammation
56
What is thrombocytopenic purpura?
Bleeding disorder that results from a severe reduction in circulating platelets
57
Oral manifestations of thrombocytopenic purpura
- Spontaneous purpuric or hemorrhagic lesions of the skin - Pts bruise easily - Frequent nosebleeds - Smontaneous gingival bleeding - Petechiae - Clusters of petechiae or purpuric spots - Ecchymosis
58
Results of radiation therapy
* Destruction of salivary glands resulting in xerostomia * Pts prone to rampant caries and oral candidiasis * Prone to osteoradionecrosis * Potential sources for oral infection and teeth with questionable prognoses should be removed
59
What are common complications of chemotherapy?
* Mucositis and oral ulceration are common complications * Drugs used for cancer chemotherapy affect basal cells of the epithelium * Decrease in all blood cells may occur -Lowered RBC= anemia -Lowered WBC= infections -Lowered platelets= bleeding problems
60
What are the oral effects of BP drugs, antianxiety meds, antipsychotic meds and antihistamines on the oral cavity?
Xerostomia- associated w/ oral candidiasis and caries
61
What are the oral effects of prednisone and antibiotics?
* Supresses the immune system and can lead to candidiasis and oral infections * Antibiotics also may increase risk of candidiasis
62
Which drugs may cause gingival enlargement?
- Phenytoin (Dilantin) - Nifedipine (Procardia) - Cyclosporine
63
What are some of the qualifications for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw?
* Current or previous tx w/ antiresorptive or antiangiogenic agent * Exposed bone that can be probed in the maxilofacial regious that has persisted at least 8 weeks * No history of radiation therapy to the jaws
64
What condition is seen here?
Mediation-elated osteonecrosis of the jaw
65
What condition is seen here?
Discoloration of teeth caused by ingestion of tetracycline
66
What condition is seen here?
Oral candidiasis caused by prednisone or antibiotics
67
What condition is seen here?
Radiation caries
68
What condition is seen here?
Mucositis during radiation therapy
69
What condition is seen here?
Oral cancer

241 Oral Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions