Neoplasia Flashcards
What does neoplasia mean?
- New Growth
- Cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation
- Irreversible change must take place in the cells and be passed on to new cells and result in uncontrollable cell multiplication
- Abnormal process
What is a neoplasm?
A new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive
What are the causes of neoplasia?
- Chemicals
- Viruses (oncogenic viruses)
- Radiation (sunlight, x-rays, nuclear fission)
- Can also occur spontaneously as a result of genetic mutation
What are the classifications of tumors?
- Benign- remains localized (can invade surrounding tissue but no further)
- Malignant- Invades and destroys surrounding tissue and can spread throughout the body
How do benign and malignant tumors present histologically?
- Benign resemples normal tissue
- Malignant varies in histologic appearance
-Pleomorphoc
-Hyperchromatic
What does pleomorphic mean?
The cells of malignant tumors often vary in size and shape
What does hyperchromatic mean?
The nucleu of these cells are darker than those of normal cells and exhibit an increased nuclear-to-sytoplasmic ration
How are benign tumors treated?
Surgical excision, either wide local excision or enucleation
How are malignant tumors treated?
Surgically, chemotherapy or ratiation therapy, often a combo
What are the 3 different types of epithelial tumors found in the oral cavity?
- From squamous epithelium
- From salivary gland epithelium
- From odontogenic epithelium
What are the tumors of squamous epithelium?
- Papilloma
- Premalignant lesion
-Leukoplakia
-Erythroplakia
-Epithelial dysplasia - Squamous cell carcinoma
- Verrucous carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
What is a papilloma?
- Benign tumor of squamous epithelium
- Exophytic pedunculated or sessile growth
- May be white or the color of normal mucosa
- Most often on the soft palate or tongue
What are the 3 premalignant lesions?
- Leukoplakia
- Erythroplakia
- Epithelial dysplasia
What is leukoplakia?
- “white plaque”
- Most are due to a hyperkeratosis, or epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis
- Treatment i to remove the cause and see if it resolves; if not, lesion should be biosied
What is erythroplakia?
- Smooth or red patch or a granular red and velvety patch
- Most often located on the floor of the mouth, tongue and soft palate
- Less common than leukoplakia
What is epithelial dysplasia?
- Earliest form of precancerous lesion- term applied to early cellular changes
- Pay present as an erythematous lesion, a white lesion, or mixed erythematous and white lesion
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
- Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
- Most common primary malignancy of the oral cavity
- Clinically, usually an exophytic ulcerative mass
- Early sign is leukoplakia/erythroplakia
- Can infiltrate and destroy bone
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
- Tobacco
- Alcohol consumption
- Damage from UV rays
- HPV
Where does squamous cell carcinoma occur most often?
The floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate, tonsillar pillars and retromolar areas
Where eose can squamous cell carconoma occur that has a better prognosis than in the oral mucosa?
- Vermillion border of the lips and skin of the face
- Solar ceilitis
What is the treatment and prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma?
- Usually by surgical excision
- Radiation/chemotherapy
-These pts may have xerostomia - The higher the stage, the worse the prognosis
What condition is seen here?
Peripheral ossifying fibroma
What condition is seen here?
Compound odontoma
What condition is seen here?
Complex odontoma
