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241 Oral Pathology > Intro to Oral Path > Flashcards

Intro to Oral Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bulla?

A

Fluid filled, well circumscribed, elevated lesions measuring more than 5mm in diameter

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2
Q

What is a lobule?

A

Segment or lobe that is part of a whole– sometimes appear fused together

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3
Q

What is a macule?

A

Flat area that is pigmented differently than the surrounding tissue

Ex: Freckle

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4
Q

What is a papule?

A

Small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm. Elevated above the surrounding tissue

Ex: Dermatitis is the most common cause of this

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5
Q

What are pustules?

A

Various sized circumscribed lesions containing pus

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6
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Small elevated lesion less than 1cm that contains serous fluid

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7
Q

What does pedunculated mean?

A

Attached by a stem-like or stalk-like base, similar to a mushroom

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8
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Describes the base of a lesion that is broad or flat and not stem-like

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9
Q

What is a nodule?

A

A palpable, solid lesion up to 1cm and found in soft tissue

Can occur above, level with or beneath the skin

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10
Q

What is palpation?

A

Evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to evaluate texture of the area

Descriptive words include: soft, firm, semi-firm and fluid-filled. These can also describe the consistency of the lesion

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11
Q

What are the most frequent colors used to describe a lesion?

A

Red, pink, salmon, white, brown, black, blue-black and gray

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12
Q

What is erythema?

A

Abnormal redness of the mucosa or gingiva

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13
Q

What is leukodema?

A

Abnormal pallor of the mucosa or gingiva (paleness)

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14
Q

What is erythroplakia?

A

Describes and oral lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular, red and velvety patch

Less common than leukoplakia. Is often squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A

Term for white, plaque-like lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease

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16
Q

What tools do we use to measure lesions?

A

For lesions under 1cm (10mm) we use a probe
Larger than that we would use a small ruler

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17
Q

What vocab terms might we use to describe the texture of a lesion?

A

Corrugated (wrinkled)
Fissured
Papillary
Smooth
Rough
Folded

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18
Q

What are some radiographic terms used to describe lesions?

A

Coalescence
Diffuse
Multilocular
Radiolucent
Radiopaque

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19
Q

What is coalescence?

A

The process by which parts of a whole join together, or fuse, to make one

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20
Q

What does diffuse mean?

A

Describes a lesion with borders that are not well defined

Makes it impossible to detect exact parameters

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21
Q

What does multilocular mean?

A

A leasion that extends beyond the confines of one distinct area

Many lobes or parts that are fused together

May resemble soap bubbles

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22
Q

What does radiolucent mean?

A

Describes the black or dark areas on a radiograph

Less dense areas of tissue will appear radiolucent (pulp chambers/canals)

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23
Q

What does radiopaque mean?

A

Describes light or white areas on a radiograph

The more dense a structure, the lighter or whiter it will appear

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24
Q

What is root resorption?

A

Radiographically the apex of a tooth will appear shortened, blunted or irregularly shaped

Occurs as a response to stimuli: ex. trauma, tumor, cyst

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25
Q

What is external root resportion?

A

Occurs from tissue outside of the tooth such as the PDL

26
Q

How does internal root resorption occur?

A

Triggered by pulpal tissue reaction from within the tooth

Pulpal area will appear as a diffuse radiolucency that extends beyond the normal pulp area

27
Q

What does scalloping around the root describe, radiographically?

A

A radiolucent lesion that appears to extend up the PDL and between the roots

28
Q

What does unilocular mean?

A

Having one compartment or unit that is well defined or outlined such as a simple radicular cyst

29
Q

What does well circumscribed mean?

A

Describes a lesion with borders that are specifically defined and one can see the exact margins and extent of the lesion

30
Q

What is an anomaly?

A

Something that deviates from what is standard or normal

31
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

32
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

Difficulty speaking

33
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing

34
Q

What are the 8 aspects or sources of information used in the diagnostic process?

A

Clinical diagnosis
Radiographic diagnosis
Historical diagnosis
Laboratory diagnosis
Microscopic diagnosis
Surgical diagnosis
Therapeutic diagnosis
Differential diagnosis

35
Q

What is involved in the clinical diagnosis?

A

What we can see clinically:
Color
Shape
History (how may it have come to occur: amalgam tattoo, hairy tongue from medications etc)
Location

36
Q

What is the importance of the radiographic diagnosis?

A

Allows us to visualize lesions that may not be visible clinically. May provide sufficient information to establish a diagnosis.

Can also help to confirm a clinical diagnosis

37
Q

What types of lesions can radiographs help us diagnose?

A

Dental caries
Apical cysts
Root resorption
Interproximal calculus
Odontomas
Tumors
Calcified pulp
Supernumerary teeth

38
Q

What is used in the historical diagnosis?

A

Personal and/or family history (ex. family history of amelogenesis imperfecta)
Past and present medical/dental histories
History of drug ingestion
History of the presenting disease or lesion

Very important when combined with the clinical diagnosis

39
Q

What procedures are included in the laboratory diagnosis?

A

Blood chemistries
Urinalysis
Cultures

40
Q

Why is the microscopic diagnosis so important?

A

Often main component of definitive diagnosis

Adequate tissue sample is necessary

Form of laboratory diagnosis but due to its important is discussed on its own

41
Q

What types of tests can be done as part of the microscopic diagnosis?

A

Brush test
Scalpel biopsy

42
Q

What is a surgical diagnosis?

A

Diagnosis that is made from gathering information during a surgical procedure

43
Q

How is a therapeutic diagnosis made?

A

A patients history should first be obtained to rule out possible nutritional deficiencies etc. and then certain therapies may be used to see if the individual or lesion responds in a positive way

Ex. Angular cheilitis may be caused by a B complex deficiency which can be ruled out by taking a history and then treated with an anti-fungal cream

44
Q

What is the differential diagnosis?

A

Point in the diagnostic process when the practitioner decides which test or procedure is required to rule out conditions originally suspected to establish a definitive diagnosis

45
Q

What is the hygienists role in the differential diagnosis?

A

Be observant
Collect data: medical/dental history, history of lesion, clinical description, biopsy

46
Q

What are some examples of variants from normal?

A

Fordyce granules
Torus palatinus
Mandibular tori
Melanin pigmentation
Retrocuspid papilla
Lingual varicosities
Linea alba
Leukodema

47
Q

What are fordyce granules?

A

Clusters of ectopic sebaceous glands
Yellow lobules in clusters
At vermillion border of lips and buccal mucoa

48
Q

What is torus palatinus?

A

Growth of normal compact bone on midline of hard palate

Can be various shapes and sizes

No treatment unless interfering with speech, swallowing or prosthetics

49
Q

What are mandibular tori?

A

Outgrowths of dense bone on the lingual aspect of the mandible near the premolars

Usually bilateral- may appear fused togetehr

50
Q

What is melanin pigmentation?

A

Pigment that gives color to skin, hair, eyes, mucosa and gingiva

Most commonly observed in darker skinned adults

51
Q

What are retrocuspid papilla?

A

Sessile nodule on the gingival margin of the lingual aspect of mandibular cuspids

Seen in younger patients, usually resolves with age

52
Q

What are lingual varicosities?

A

Red to purple enlarged vessels or clusters of vessels
Usually observed on ventral and lateral sides of tongue and in adults over 60

Can be associated with history of smoking and/or cardiovascular disease

53
Q

What is linea alba?

A

White line that extends anterior to posterior on teh buccal mucosa at the occlusal plane
May be bilateral- more prominent i patients who clench or brux

54
Q

What is leukodema?

A

Generalize opalescence of the buccal mucosa
Most common in black adults
Less prominent when mucosa is stretched

55
Q

Other benign conditions with unique clinical features

A

Lingual thyroid
Median rhomboid glossitis
Erythema migrans
Fissured tongue
Hairy tongue

56
Q

What is lingual thyroid?

A

Undescended remnants of thyroid tissue
Appears as a mass at the midline of dorsal surface of tongue behind the circumvallate papilla
Sessile base

57
Q

What is median rhomboid glossitis?

A

Flat or slightly raised reddened area in center of tongue

Can be associated with chronic candida albicans

Anti fungals may be used

58
Q

What is erythema migrans?

A

Red patches surrounded by white or yellow border
Devoid of filiform papilla
Distinct presence of fungiform papilla
Genetic factors, exacerbated by stress, possible burning discomfort

59
Q

What is ectopic geographic tongue?

A

Appearance of geographic tongue found on other mucosal surfaces like the labial or buccal mucosa

60
Q

What is fissured tongue?

A

Deep grooves on dorsal surface of tongue

Probably involves genetic factors

61
Q

What is white hairy tongue?

A

Elongated filiform papilla are white
Results from increase in keratin production or decrease in normal desquamation

62
Q

What is black hairy tongue?

A

Papilla are brown to black fro chromogenic bacteria

Tobacco, foods, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, chemical rinses

241 Oral Pathology (13 decks)

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