Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

241 Oral Pathology > Inflammation and Repair Part 1 > Flashcards

Inflammation and Repair Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 innate defenses?

A

Physical barriers
Mechanical Defense
Antibacterial activity
Removal of foreign substances
Inflammation process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some physical barriers for defense?

A

Intact skin and/or mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some mechanical defenses?

A

Respiratory systems cilia and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antibacterial activity as a means of defense

A

Enzymes in saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Removal of foreign substances as a means of defense

A

Flushing action of tears, saliva, urine and diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is involved in the inflammation process as a means of innate defense?

A

White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Nonspecific response
The extent and duration of the injury determines the extent and duration of the inflammatory response
Can be local or systemic
Can be acute, chronic or a combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long does the acute inflammatory response generally last?

A

Short, lasting only a few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 responses to injury?

A

Inflammation
Immunity
Repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation?

A

Acute lasts for only a short duration while chronic is ongoing and is a major component of the pathogenesis of common disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the cells involved in the inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Eosinophil
Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are monocytes located?

A

Circulate in blood

Macrophages once in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When do we see lymphocytes and plasma cells?

A

CHRONIC inflammation and the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the first type of WBC to arrive t the site of injury?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the second type of WBC to arrive at the site of injury?

A

Monocytes, which will become macrophages when they enter the surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of polymorphoneukleocytes (PMNs)?

A

Phagocytosis

Derived from stem cells in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Of all WBCs which makes up the largest % of the population?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of biochemical mediators?

A

Cause many of the events in the inflammatory response- can recruit other mediators and immune mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are biochemical mediators derived from?

A

Blood
Endothelial cells
WBCs and platelets
Pathogenic organisms as they enter the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 3 systems are biochemical mediators responsible for?

A

Kinin system
Clotting mechanism
Complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the kinin system?

A

-Active in early phase of inflammation
-Activated by substances in plasma and injured tissue
-Increases dilation of blood vessels at site as well as permeability of BV
-Induces pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is clotting mechanism?

A

Clots blood and mediates inflammation

Helps stop bleeding at site of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the complement system composed of?

A

Series of plasma proteins that are activated in a cascade. They activate one protein that activates another and so on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do complement components cause?
Cause mast cells to release histamine which increases vascular dilation and permeability Can also cause cytolysis (cell death by creating holes)
26
What is opsonization?
When complement proteins attach themselves to the surface of bacteria stimulating WBCs to phagocytize?
27
Which system is responsible for blood clotting?
Clotting mechanism
28
3 activities the complement system is responsible for?
Release of histamine Plasma protein cascade Cytolysis
29
Which system is responsible for dilation of blood vessels?
Kinin system Also the complement components
30
Sequence of events in the kinin system
After tissue injury: Constriction of microcirculation Dilation of microcirculation- erythema, and heat
31
Sequence of events in the clotting mechanism
Increased blood viscosity Decreased blood flow
32
Sequence of event in the complement system
Chemotaxis WBCs enter tissue Phagocytosis
33
What is chemotaxis
Migration of many types to cell to a particular site
34
What are the cardinal localized signs of inflammation?
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of normal tissue function
35
What are the cardinal systemic signs of inflammation?
Fever Leukocytosis Elevated C-reactive protein Lymphadenopathy
36
What is fever controlled by?
The hypothalamus
37
What are the fever producing substances created by WBCs and pathogens?
Pyrogens
38
How does the hypothalamus induce fever?
Increases body temp by way of prostaglandins
39
What are the systemic manifestation of leukocytosis?
Increase in circulating WBCs The body's attempt to provide more cells for phagocytosis Type of WBC increasing can aid in a differential diagnosis
40
What does an increase in lymphocytes signify?
A viral infection
41
What does an increase in neutrophils signify?
Bacterial infection
42
What does an increase in eosinophils signify?
Allergic reaction
43
What lab test can be done to to evaluate a patient for infection or blood disorder?
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
44
What is lymphadenopathy?
Enlarged and palpable superficial lymph nodes
45
Why does lymphadenopathy occur?
Changes in lymphocytes found in the nodes which are the primary cells of the immune system -Hyperplasia: Increase in # of cells -Hypertrophy: Enlargement of individual cells
46
Where is C-reactive protein produced? What does its presence signify?
Produced in the liver Signifies serious, acute infection Used to monitor tissue healing. Possible marker for periodontal disease
47
What is the purpose of anti-inflammatory drugs?
Tp bock or suppress the inflammatory response by blocking prostaglandins- reduces clinical signs
48
What are the different types of drugs used to treat inflammation?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS- ibuprofen, aspirin) Steroidal anti-inflammtory drugs (Prednisone) Antihistamines
49
What does inhibiting prostaglandins do?
Prevents the biochemical mediators of inflammation from being activated
50
What part of the inflammation sequence is responsible for redness and heat?
Kinin system- dilation of microcirculation
51
What part of the sequence is responsible for swelling and pain?
Kinin system
52
What part of the body is responsible for initiating fevers? Why do we get them?
Hypothalamus Fevers occur because the body is trying to kill off the virus or bacteria that is causing the infection
53
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia is about and increase in NUMBER of cells while hypertrophy is about the increase in SIZEof cells
54
What do we call when the lymph nodes are enlarged and what we call when the white blood cell count is elevated?
Enlarged= Lymphadenopathy WBC elevated= Leukocytosis
55
Why does hyperplasia occur?
In response to chronic irritation or abrasion May or may not persist after removal of irritant
56
Why does hypertrophy occur?
Can be seen as a response to hypertension in cardiac muscle
57
What is atrophy?
Decrease in the size or function of a cell, tissue, organ or the entire body
58
What is regeneration? Where is it seen?
Process by which tissue injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to what was present before the injury Seen in acute inflammation
59
What is repair?
Restoration of damaged or diseased tissue that has undergone necrosis and need to be repaired w/ new cells and tissue components Cannot be complete until source of injury is removed and agents are destroyed
60
What happens microscopically on the day of the event?
Blood flows to injured tissue to form a clot
61
What are blood clots composed of?
Fibrin, clumped RBCs and platelets
62
What happens on day 2 after event?
Neutrophils emigrate from microcirculation into injured tissue in an acute inflammatory response Phagocytosis occurs
63
What happens on day 3?
Phagocytosis continues and angiogenesis occurs Neutrophils reduce Fibroplasia occurs Granulation tissue forms Epithelialization occurs Blood clot acts as scaffold for new tissue Lymphocytes and plasma cells migrate to site as chronic inflammation and immune response occur
64
What is angiogenesis?
Stimulation and growth of new blood vessels
65
What is fibroplasia?
Increase in number of fibroblasts, producing collagen fibers
66
What is epithelialization?
Process by which new surface tissue is created
67
What happens on day 7?
Inflammatory responses are complete Source of injury has been removed New tissue is relatively red New epithelium is thin New CT is highly vascularized Immature collagen fibers present and fragile
68
What happens on day 14?
Granulation tissue has been remodeled (tissue has full strength) Mature, fibrous CT is called scar tissue (paler due to increase in collagen and decrease in vascularity)
69
What does the amount of remaining scar tissue depend on?
Heredity Strength and flexibility needed in the tissue Tissue type
70
Which is less prone to scar tissue, skin or mucosa?
Mucosa
71
What are the three types of repair that can occur?
Primary, secondary and tertiary intention
72
Do we see regeneration or repair in acute inflammation?
Regeneration
73
Which day after injury will the neutrophils start to get reduced in the macrophages continue the phagocytosis?
Day 3
74
What color does scar tissue clinically appear?
Whiter or pale
75
What is healing by primary intention?
Healing of an injury w/ little loss of tissue Margins are close together and little to no scarring forms
76
What is healing by secondary intention?
Edges of injury cannot be joined during healing due to tissue loss Large clot forms, formation of granulation tissue Ex. extracted tooth, keloid
77
What is a keloid?
Excessive scarring that mainly occurs in in skin and appears raised and extends beyond its original boundaries
78
What is healing by tertiary intention?
Delayed surgican tissue repair until infection is resolved -puncture wounds may become infected
79
Which cells create new bone tissue?
Osteoblasts
80
How does bone tissue repair occur?
Tissue damage leads to clot formation Osteoblasts lay down immature bone (osteoid) Calcifies over time and becomes replaced with w/viable bone trabeculae
81
What factors influence bone repair?
Age Nutrition Tobacco use
82
What are some injuries that may occur to the teeth?
Attrition- bruxism Abrasion Abfraction Erosion- bulimia, meth abuse
83
What is attrition?
Tooth to tooth wear
84
What is bruxism?
Grinding and clenching teeth for non-functional purposes such as: -Occlusal interferences -Stress -Tension -Seizure disorders
85
Signs and symptoms of bruxism?
Wear facets Abnormal rate of attrition Hypertrophy of masticatory muscles Increased muscle tone Muscle tenderness and fatigue Cheek biting TMJ pain Tooth mobility Sensitivity to cold
86
How to manage bruxism
Occlusal adjustments to eliminate occlusal interferences and fabrication of an acrylic splint
87
What is abrasion?
Pathologic wearing away of tooth structure that results from a repetitive mechanical movement Most frequently seen on root surfaces with gingival recession- progression is slow and can be caused by toothbrushing
88
What is abfraction?
Microfracture of tooth structure in areas of concentrated stress Appears as wedge-shaped lesions at cervical areas
89
What is erosion?
Loss of tooth structure as a result of chemicals, without bacterial involvement
90
Potential causes of erosion
Industrial factors Intraoral cocaine drug abuse Overuse of soft drinks Baby bottle caries Sucking on lemons Chronic vomitting
91
What type of damage to teeth cannot be determined by location?
Erosion and abrasion
92
What signs of bulimia can we look for?
Normal weight but secretive about eating habits Electrolyte imbalance or malnutrition Irritation of lips and oral mucosa Traumatic lesions on the back of fingers
93
How to manage oral health in someone with bulimia or chronic vomitting
Fluoride rinse and toothpaste Rinse with water after purging Avoid brushing immediately after Use very soft toothbrush May require full coverage restorative procedures

241 Oral Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions