Midterm Review Flashcards
What is nondisjunction?
Occasionally, both chromosomes that were crossing over do not separate, and both migrate to the same cell
What are fordyce granules?
- Clusters of ectopic sebaceous glands.
- Appear as yellow obules in clusters.
- Commonly observed on the vermillion borders of the lips and buccal mucosa
What does sessile mean?
Describes the base of a lesion that is flat and broad
What is a bulla?
- Circumscribed elevated lesion that is more than 5mm in diameter
- Usually contains serous fluid, blister-like
What does pedunculated mean?
Attached by a stem-like or stalk-like base, like mushroom
What is a papule?
- Small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter
- Elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal tissue surrounding it
What is a vesicle?
Small, elevated lesionless than 1cm in diameter that contains serous fluid
What is a pustule?
Elevated lesion containing pus
What is a nodule?
- Palpable, solid lesion up to 1cm
- Can occur above or beneath the skin
WHat is black hairy tongue?
- Brown or black due to chromogenic bacteria.
- Tobacco, foods, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, chemical rise can all be causes.
- Brush to remove
What is white hairy tongue?
- Elongated filiform papillae are white.
- Results from increased keratin production or decrease in normal desquamation
- Brush to remove
What is erythema migrans?
- Erythematous patches surrounded by white or yellow border
- Diffuse areas devoid of filiform papillae
- Distinct presence of fungiform papillae
- Caused by stress, genetics, burns
What is exctopic geographic tongue?
Term used to describe geographic tongue found on mucosal surfaces other than the tongue
What is isteogenesis imperfecta?
- Mutations occur that affect collagen, resulting in abnormally formed bones that fracture easily
- Microdontia can occur and teeth appear opalescent but darken with age
- Enamel is lost because of abnormal dentin (similar to dentinogenesis imperfecta)
WHat is Paget’s disease?
- Also called osteitis deformans- chronic metabolic bone disease
- Resorption, osteoblastic repir and remineralization of the involved bone
- Enlargement of affected bone also comon.
- Space btw teeth increases, more in max. Painful
What is erythroplakia?
- Red lesion taht cannot be diagnosed on clinical basis alone.
- Oral mucosa lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red velvety patch
- Common in the floor of the mouth, tongue and soft palate
What is microdontia?
One or more teeth are smaller than normal. [Peg] Laterals, seen in pituitary dwarf, or when normal teeth appear smaller in a larger jaw
What is dens in dente?
- Occurs when the enamel organ invaginates into the crown of a tooth before mineralization.
- Radiographically it looks like a tooth within a tooth
- Vulnerable to caries, pulpal infection and necrosis
What is fusion?
- The union of two normally separate adjacent tooth germs
- Appears as a single large crown that occurs in the place of two normal teeth
- Roots may be fused or separate
What is germination?
- Single tooth germ attempts to divide in two
- Appears as two crowns joined together at a notched incisal area
- Usually one single root and one pulp canal
WHat ar ethe different ttype of developmental cysts?
- Radicular
- Periapical
- Residual
What are the characteristics of developmental cysts?
- Abnormal fluid-filled, epithelium-lined sac or cavity.
- Most common oral cysts
- Can cause expansion of bone (intraosseous)
- Or can occur in the soft tissue (extraosseous)
- Classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic
What are odontogenic dentigerous cysts? Where do they occur?
- Follicular cysts
- Form around the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth- common around 3rd molars
- Epithelial lining originates from the reduced enamel epithelium after the crown has formed and calcified
- Well defined unilocular radiolucency
WHat are odontogenic eruption cysts?
- Similar to dentigerous
- Found in soft tissue around the crown of an erupting tooth
- Usually resolves when tooth erupts
What are odontogenic primordial cysts?
- Develops in place of a tooth, most commonly the 3rd molar
- Found on radiographs in younger adults
- Stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by parallel bundles of collagen fibers
What are odontogenic keratocysts?
- The lumen is lined by epithelium that is 8-10 cell layers thick and surfaced by parakeratin in 3rd molar area
- Can move teeth causing resorption
- Appears as a well-defined multilocular radiolucent lesion
What are calcifying odontogenic cysts?
- Nonaggressive cust lesion lined by odontogenic epithelium, resembles ameloblastoma
- Has a characteristic ghost cells
What are intraosseous- lateral periodontal cysts?
- Most often seen near premolars/cuspid mandibular asymptomatic radiolucent lesion on lateral surface of root
- Botryoid cyst is another type of LPC
What are extraosseous- gingival cysts?
- Same lining as LPC, but located in soft tissue
- Stratified squamous epithelium
What are glandular odontogenic cysts?
- Multicystic lesion
- Eosinophilic cuboidal cells on surface of epithelium, columnar cells with cilia.
- High recurrence rate
Types of non-odontogenic cysts
- Nasopalatine
- Median Palatine
- Globulomaxillary
- Nasolabial
- Lymphoepithelial
- Epidermal
- Dermoid
Nasopalatine cysts
Incisive canal cyst
Located within the nasopalatine canal or incisive papilla
Median palatine cyst
Midline of hard palate
Lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded w/ dense fibrous CT
Globulomaxilary cysts
Well-defined and pear-shaped located btw the roots of the maxillary laterals and cuspids
Nasolabial cysts
- Soft tissue cyst, originating from the lower anterior portion of the nasolacrimal duct
- Expansion or swelling of mucobuccal fold around maxillary canine and floor of nose
Localized signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of normal tissue function
Systemic signs of inflammation
Fever, leukocytes, elevated c-reactive protein, lymphadenopathy
What are the first WBCs seen in the inflammatory response?
- Neutrophils
- Followed by monocytes circulating inthe blood that become macrophages once they enter the surrounding tissue –> from bone marrow
When do we see lymphocytes and plasma cells?
Chronic inflammation and immune response
Where are biochemical mediators derived from?
Blood, endothelial cells, WBCs, platelets, and pathogenic organisms as they injure the tissue
WHat are the 3 systems biochemical mediators are responsible for?
Kinin system
Clotting mechanism
Complement system
What is the function of the kinin system?
- Biochemically mediates inflammation by causing increased dilation and increased permeability of the blood vesselsat the site of injury
- Blood vessels enlarge trying to get to the site causing inflammation and pain
What is the function of clotting mechanism?
Clots blood and mediates inflammation
What is the function of the complement system?
Functions in immunity and inflammation
Composed of a series of plasma proteins that activate in a cascasing fashion, one protein activates the next in a series.
Cause mast cells to release histamine
What does an increase in histamine mean?
Increased vascular permeability and vascular dilation
What is cytolysis?
Complement system can cause cell death by creating holes in the cells
What is a fistula?
Abnormal passage that leads from abscess to the body surface
What is primary repair intention?
Healing of an injury in which there is little tissue loss, margins are close together and very litle granulation tissue forms
What is secondary repair intention?
- Tissue has been lost, edges of injury cannot be joined during healing
- Large clot forms resulting in granulation tissue
Ex. extrated tooth
What is tertiary repair intention?
Delayed surgical tissue repair until infection is resolved
Ex. Puncture wounds
What is a minor aphthous ulcer?
- Most commonly occuring type
- More in anterior, punched out, rounded to oval, yellowish-white fibrin surface
- Painful
What is Sjogren Syndrome?
- Autoimmune disese affecting the salivary glands and lacrima glands
- Resulting in xerostomia and hyposalivation
- Painful tongue, can’t swallow
What is lichen planus?
A benign chronic disease affecting skin and oral mucosa
Interconnecting white lines and circles, lace-like pattern
What is angioedema?
- Appears as a diffuse edema of the tissue caused by permeability of deeper BV
- Skin covering swelling apears normal
What is urticaria?
HIVES
Appears as multilpe areas of well demarcated edema and erythema of the skin
What is concrescence?
Two adjacent teeth are united by cementum, usually discovered on xray
What is dilasceration?
Abnormal curve or bend in a root of a tooth
What is taurodontism?
- Teeth have elongated pulp chambers and short roots
- May occur in deciduous and permanent dentition
What is linea alba?
- A “white line” extends anterioposteriorly on teh buccal mucosa along teh occlusal plane
- Can be uni- or bilateral
What is torus palatinus?
Exophytic growth of normal compact bone on the midline of the hard palate
WHat are mandibular tori?
Dense bone found on lingual aspect of the mandible
What is the normal number of human chromosomes?
46
What is Trisomy 21?
Downs Syndrome
Instead of a pair of chromosome #21, there are 3 of them.
Occurs due to nondisjunction when the chromosomes cross over and don’t sparate and end up in the same cell.
What is the main cause of a child being born with Down Syndrome?
Woman getting regnant at a later age. The older you are, the more likely it iwll be to happen
What are some characteristics of a person with Down SYndrome?
Oral: Fissured tongue, macroglossia, gingival/perio disease in 90% of individuals, abnormally shaped teeth, eruption issues and malpositioning and crowding
Other: Slanted eyes, shorter stature, heart abnormalities and intelligence levels
What is dentinogenesis imperfecta?
- Multiple types, associated with osteogenesis imperfecta
- Hereditary opalescent dentin, no pulp chambers or root canals are seen
- Roots are short and thin w/ periapical radiolucencies
Describe the two types of dentin dysplasia
Type I: Radicular- teeth have normal crowns and abnormal roots
Teeth are generally exfoliated prematurely
Type II: Coronal- Primary teeth are transluscent w/ an amber color, adult teeth appear normal
What is attrition?
Tooth to tooth wear during mastication and contact
What is bruxism?
- Grinding and clenching of the teeth for nonfunctional purposes
- Occlusal interferences, stress, tension, seizure
What is erosion?
Loss of tooth structure because of chemicals
No bacterial involvement
What is frictional keratosis?
- Form of hyperkeratosis
- Caused by chronic rubbing or friction
- Callus on skin
What is angular cheilitis?
Degeneration of the tissue of the lips due to exposure to the sun
Dry and cracked
Xerostomia can also aid in this happening
What is chronic hyperplastic pulpitis?
- Excessive proliferation of chrinically inflamed dental pulp tissue
- Granulation tissue w/ inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes and plasma cells
What are the stages of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes are lining up toward the midline
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes at equatorial plane of the cell, long and short arms are joined at the centromere, each identical half is called a chromatid
What happens during anaphase?
Chromatids are in the process of splitting
What happens during telophase?
Cytokinesis
What is meiosis?
- 2-step cellular division of the primitive germ cell
- Reduces the # of chromosomes by half
When would nondisjunction occur?
During first meiosis
WHat is first meiosis?
Chromosomes line up and exchange segments at contacts
CHIASMATA
No spliting has occured yet
What is second meiosis?
Mitotis division
Each chromosome splits longitudinally
No replication of DNA occurs before this
What is anaphylaxis?
- Immediate, whole body reaction to an allergen
- Releases histamine and causes edema of the airways
What are commisural lip pits?
Epithelium lind blind tracts at the corners of the mouth
What is natural passive immunity?
Occurs when antibodies from a mother pass through teh placenta to the developing fetus
What is natural active immunity?
Antibodies are created by teh person due to microorganisms that cause the disease
Ex: chickenpox
What is aquired passive immunity?
- Antibodies from infusions of immunoglobulins
- Short-lived but can act immediately
- May be given to personnel after a needle stick
What is acquired active immunity?
Immunizations/vaccines
What is Type I Hypersensitivity?
- Immediate: Anaphylactic type
- Occurs within minutes of exposure to antigen
- Plasma cells produce IgE: histamine released, increase dilation and permeability of BV and constriction of smooth muscle in lungs
What is Type IV Hypersensitivity?
- Cell-mediated Type (delayed)
- T cells cause damage to tissue cells or recruit other cells
- Responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs
WHat is immunologic tolerance?
Body learns to distinguish self from nonself
What is autoimmune disorder?
- Recognition mechanism breaks down, some body cells are not tolerated and treated as foreign antigens
- Body attacks itself
