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241 Oral Pathology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Occasionally, both chromosomes that were crossing over do not separate, and both migrate to the same cell

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2
Q

What are fordyce granules?

A
  • Clusters of ectopic sebaceous glands.
  • Appear as yellow obules in clusters.
  • Commonly observed on the vermillion borders of the lips and buccal mucosa
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3
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Describes the base of a lesion that is flat and broad

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4
Q

What is a bulla?

A
  • Circumscribed elevated lesion that is more than 5mm in diameter
  • Usually contains serous fluid, blister-like
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5
Q

What does pedunculated mean?

A

Attached by a stem-like or stalk-like base, like mushroom

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6
Q

What is a papule?

A
  • Small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter
  • Elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal tissue surrounding it
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7
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Small, elevated lesionless than 1cm in diameter that contains serous fluid

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8
Q

What is a pustule?

A

Elevated lesion containing pus

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9
Q

What is a nodule?

A
  • Palpable, solid lesion up to 1cm
  • Can occur above or beneath the skin
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10
Q

WHat is black hairy tongue?

A
  • Brown or black due to chromogenic bacteria.
  • Tobacco, foods, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, chemical rise can all be causes.
  • Brush to remove
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11
Q

What is white hairy tongue?

A
  • Elongated filiform papillae are white.
  • Results from increased keratin production or decrease in normal desquamation
  • Brush to remove
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12
Q

What is erythema migrans?

A
  • Erythematous patches surrounded by white or yellow border
  • Diffuse areas devoid of filiform papillae
  • Distinct presence of fungiform papillae
  • Caused by stress, genetics, burns
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13
Q

What is exctopic geographic tongue?

A

Term used to describe geographic tongue found on mucosal surfaces other than the tongue

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14
Q

What is isteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Mutations occur that affect collagen, resulting in abnormally formed bones that fracture easily
  • Microdontia can occur and teeth appear opalescent but darken with age
  • Enamel is lost because of abnormal dentin (similar to dentinogenesis imperfecta)
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15
Q

WHat is Paget’s disease?

A
  • Also called osteitis deformans- chronic metabolic bone disease
  • Resorption, osteoblastic repir and remineralization of the involved bone
  • Enlargement of affected bone also comon.
  • Space btw teeth increases, more in max. Painful
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16
Q

What is erythroplakia?

A
  • Red lesion taht cannot be diagnosed on clinical basis alone.
  • Oral mucosa lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red velvety patch
  • Common in the floor of the mouth, tongue and soft palate
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17
Q

What is microdontia?

A

One or more teeth are smaller than normal. [Peg] Laterals, seen in pituitary dwarf, or when normal teeth appear smaller in a larger jaw

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18
Q

What is dens in dente?

A
  • Occurs when the enamel organ invaginates into the crown of a tooth before mineralization.
  • Radiographically it looks like a tooth within a tooth
  • Vulnerable to caries, pulpal infection and necrosis
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19
Q

What is fusion?

A
  • The union of two normally separate adjacent tooth germs
  • Appears as a single large crown that occurs in the place of two normal teeth
  • Roots may be fused or separate
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20
Q

What is germination?

A
  • Single tooth germ attempts to divide in two
  • Appears as two crowns joined together at a notched incisal area
  • Usually one single root and one pulp canal
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21
Q

WHat ar ethe different ttype of developmental cysts?

A
  • Radicular
  • Periapical
  • Residual
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of developmental cysts?

A
  • Abnormal fluid-filled, epithelium-lined sac or cavity.
  • Most common oral cysts
  • Can cause expansion of bone (intraosseous)
  • Or can occur in the soft tissue (extraosseous)
  • Classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic
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23
Q

What are odontogenic dentigerous cysts? Where do they occur?

A
  • Follicular cysts
  • Form around the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth- common around 3rd molars
  • Epithelial lining originates from the reduced enamel epithelium after the crown has formed and calcified
  • Well defined unilocular radiolucency
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24
Q

WHat are odontogenic eruption cysts?

A
  • Similar to dentigerous
  • Found in soft tissue around the crown of an erupting tooth
  • Usually resolves when tooth erupts
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25
Q

What are odontogenic primordial cysts?

A
  • Develops in place of a tooth, most commonly the 3rd molar
  • Found on radiographs in younger adults
  • Stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by parallel bundles of collagen fibers
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26
Q

What are odontogenic keratocysts?

A
  • The lumen is lined by epithelium that is 8-10 cell layers thick and surfaced by parakeratin in 3rd molar area
  • Can move teeth causing resorption
  • Appears as a well-defined multilocular radiolucent lesion
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27
Q

What are calcifying odontogenic cysts?

A
  • Nonaggressive cust lesion lined by odontogenic epithelium, resembles ameloblastoma
  • Has a characteristic ghost cells
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28
Q

What are intraosseous- lateral periodontal cysts?

A
  • Most often seen near premolars/cuspid mandibular asymptomatic radiolucent lesion on lateral surface of root
  • Botryoid cyst is another type of LPC
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29
Q

What are extraosseous- gingival cysts?

A
  • Same lining as LPC, but located in soft tissue
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
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30
Q

What are glandular odontogenic cysts?

A
  • Multicystic lesion
  • Eosinophilic cuboidal cells on surface of epithelium, columnar cells with cilia.
  • High recurrence rate
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31
Q

Types of non-odontogenic cysts

A
  • Nasopalatine
  • Median Palatine
  • Globulomaxillary
  • Nasolabial
  • Lymphoepithelial
  • Epidermal
  • Dermoid
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32
Q

Nasopalatine cysts

A

Incisive canal cyst
Located within the nasopalatine canal or incisive papilla

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33
Q

Median palatine cyst

A

Midline of hard palate
Lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded w/ dense fibrous CT

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34
Q

Globulomaxilary cysts

A

Well-defined and pear-shaped located btw the roots of the maxillary laterals and cuspids

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35
Q

Nasolabial cysts

A
  • Soft tissue cyst, originating from the lower anterior portion of the nasolacrimal duct
  • Expansion or swelling of mucobuccal fold around maxillary canine and floor of nose
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36
Q

Localized signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of normal tissue function

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37
Q

Systemic signs of inflammation

A

Fever, leukocytes, elevated c-reactive protein, lymphadenopathy

38
Q

What are the first WBCs seen in the inflammatory response?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Followed by monocytes circulating inthe blood that become macrophages once they enter the surrounding tissue –> from bone marrow
39
Q

When do we see lymphocytes and plasma cells?

A

Chronic inflammation and immune response

40
Q

Where are biochemical mediators derived from?

A

Blood, endothelial cells, WBCs, platelets, and pathogenic organisms as they injure the tissue

41
Q

WHat are the 3 systems biochemical mediators are responsible for?

A

Kinin system
Clotting mechanism
Complement system

42
Q

What is the function of the kinin system?

A
  • Biochemically mediates inflammation by causing increased dilation and increased permeability of the blood vesselsat the site of injury
  • Blood vessels enlarge trying to get to the site causing inflammation and pain
43
Q

What is the function of clotting mechanism?

A

Clots blood and mediates inflammation

44
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

Functions in immunity and inflammation
Composed of a series of plasma proteins that activate in a cascasing fashion, one protein activates the next in a series.
Cause mast cells to release histamine

45
Q

What does an increase in histamine mean?

A

Increased vascular permeability and vascular dilation

46
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

Complement system can cause cell death by creating holes in the cells

47
Q

What is a fistula?

A

Abnormal passage that leads from abscess to the body surface

48
Q

What is primary repair intention?

A

Healing of an injury in which there is little tissue loss, margins are close together and very litle granulation tissue forms

49
Q

What is secondary repair intention?

A
  • Tissue has been lost, edges of injury cannot be joined during healing
  • Large clot forms resulting in granulation tissue
    Ex. extrated tooth
50
Q

What is tertiary repair intention?

A

Delayed surgical tissue repair until infection is resolved
Ex. Puncture wounds

51
Q

What is a minor aphthous ulcer?

A
  • Most commonly occuring type
  • More in anterior, punched out, rounded to oval, yellowish-white fibrin surface
  • Painful
52
Q

What is Sjogren Syndrome?

A
  • Autoimmune disese affecting the salivary glands and lacrima glands
  • Resulting in xerostomia and hyposalivation
  • Painful tongue, can’t swallow
53
Q

What is lichen planus?

A

A benign chronic disease affecting skin and oral mucosa
Interconnecting white lines and circles, lace-like pattern

54
Q

What is angioedema?

A
  • Appears as a diffuse edema of the tissue caused by permeability of deeper BV
  • Skin covering swelling apears normal
55
Q

What is urticaria?

A

HIVES
Appears as multilpe areas of well demarcated edema and erythema of the skin

56
Q

What is concrescence?

A

Two adjacent teeth are united by cementum, usually discovered on xray

57
Q

What is dilasceration?

A

Abnormal curve or bend in a root of a tooth

58
Q

What is taurodontism?

A
  • Teeth have elongated pulp chambers and short roots
  • May occur in deciduous and permanent dentition
59
Q

What is linea alba?

A
  • A “white line” extends anterioposteriorly on teh buccal mucosa along teh occlusal plane
  • Can be uni- or bilateral
60
Q

What is torus palatinus?

A

Exophytic growth of normal compact bone on the midline of the hard palate

61
Q

WHat are mandibular tori?

A

Dense bone found on lingual aspect of the mandible

62
Q

What is the normal number of human chromosomes?

A

46

63
Q

What is Trisomy 21?

A

Downs Syndrome
Instead of a pair of chromosome #21, there are 3 of them.
Occurs due to nondisjunction when the chromosomes cross over and don’t sparate and end up in the same cell.

64
Q

What is the main cause of a child being born with Down Syndrome?

A

Woman getting regnant at a later age. The older you are, the more likely it iwll be to happen

65
Q

What are some characteristics of a person with Down SYndrome?

A

Oral: Fissured tongue, macroglossia, gingival/perio disease in 90% of individuals, abnormally shaped teeth, eruption issues and malpositioning and crowding
Other: Slanted eyes, shorter stature, heart abnormalities and intelligence levels

66
Q

What is dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Multiple types, associated with osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Hereditary opalescent dentin, no pulp chambers or root canals are seen
  • Roots are short and thin w/ periapical radiolucencies
67
Q

Describe the two types of dentin dysplasia

A

Type I: Radicular- teeth have normal crowns and abnormal roots
Teeth are generally exfoliated prematurely
Type II: Coronal- Primary teeth are transluscent w/ an amber color, adult teeth appear normal

68
Q

What is attrition?

A

Tooth to tooth wear during mastication and contact

69
Q

What is bruxism?

A
  • Grinding and clenching of the teeth for nonfunctional purposes
  • Occlusal interferences, stress, tension, seizure
70
Q

What is erosion?

A

Loss of tooth structure because of chemicals
No bacterial involvement

71
Q

What is frictional keratosis?

A
  • Form of hyperkeratosis
  • Caused by chronic rubbing or friction
  • Callus on skin
72
Q

What is angular cheilitis?

A

Degeneration of the tissue of the lips due to exposure to the sun
Dry and cracked
Xerostomia can also aid in this happening

73
Q

What is chronic hyperplastic pulpitis?

A
  • Excessive proliferation of chrinically inflamed dental pulp tissue
  • Granulation tissue w/ inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes and plasma cells
74
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
75
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes are lining up toward the midline

76
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes at equatorial plane of the cell, long and short arms are joined at the centromere, each identical half is called a chromatid

77
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromatids are in the process of splitting

78
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Cytokinesis

79
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • 2-step cellular division of the primitive germ cell
  • Reduces the # of chromosomes by half
80
Q

When would nondisjunction occur?

A

During first meiosis

81
Q

WHat is first meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up and exchange segments at contacts
CHIASMATA
No spliting has occured yet

82
Q

What is second meiosis?

A

Mitotis division
Each chromosome splits longitudinally
No replication of DNA occurs before this

83
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A
  • Immediate, whole body reaction to an allergen
  • Releases histamine and causes edema of the airways
84
Q

What are commisural lip pits?

A

Epithelium lind blind tracts at the corners of the mouth

85
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Occurs when antibodies from a mother pass through teh placenta to the developing fetus

86
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Antibodies are created by teh person due to microorganisms that cause the disease
Ex: chickenpox

87
Q

What is aquired passive immunity?

A
  • Antibodies from infusions of immunoglobulins
  • Short-lived but can act immediately
  • May be given to personnel after a needle stick
88
Q

What is acquired active immunity?

A

Immunizations/vaccines

89
Q

What is Type I Hypersensitivity?

A
  • Immediate: Anaphylactic type
  • Occurs within minutes of exposure to antigen
  • Plasma cells produce IgE: histamine released, increase dilation and permeability of BV and constriction of smooth muscle in lungs
90
Q

What is Type IV Hypersensitivity?

A
  • Cell-mediated Type (delayed)
  • T cells cause damage to tissue cells or recruit other cells
  • Responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs
91
Q

WHat is immunologic tolerance?

A

Body learns to distinguish self from nonself

92
Q

What is autoimmune disorder?

A
  • Recognition mechanism breaks down, some body cells are not tolerated and treated as foreign antigens
  • Body attacks itself

241 Oral Pathology (13 decks)

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