oral functions 4: speech

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of swallowing?

Answer 1

buccal phase
-voluntary
pharyngeal phase
-involuntary
oesophageal phase
-involuntary

Question 2

what is the feeding function of swallowing?

Answer 2

process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach

Question 3

what is the protective function of swallowing?

Answer 3

prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway

Question 4

why is swallowing potentially dangerous?

Answer 4

oesophagus crosses airway

Question 5

how are liquids swallowed?

Answer 5

gathered on tongue, anterior to pillars of fauces
mouth separated from pharynx by posterior oral seal
liquid propelled through oro- and hypo-pharynx
then into oesophagus

Question 6

how are solids swallowed?

Answer 6

chewed food material accumulated on pharyngeal part on tongue and vallecula (prp-pharynx)
bolus propelled from tongue through the hypo-pharynx then into oesophagus

Question 7

what is the main difference in swallowing liquids and solids?

Answer 7

liquids have an oral seal

solids have no oral seal

Question 8

what does forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phase creat?

Answer 8

contact between the tongue and hard palate

Question 9

what is the squeeze back mechanism?

Answer 9

contact zone moves progressively backwards, squeezing food through the fauces

Question 10

what affects duration of swallowing?

Answer 10

duration of masticatory sequence components vary to different extents with food consistency

Question 11

how is reflux prevented?

Answer 11

elevation of soft palate
tongue sides contact pillars of fauces
tongue dorsum contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
upper oesophageal sphincter
-prevents reflux from oesophagus into pharynx
lower oesophageal sphincter
-prevents reflux from stomach into oesophagus

Question 12

what is erosion caused by?

Answer 12

stomach acid by reflux, vomiting, regurgitation and ruminatrion

Question 13

what is attrition caused by?

Answer 13

tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth
-bruxism/parafunction

Question 14

what is abrasion caused by?

Answer 14

combines lesion involving erosion and abrasion
acid weakens outer mineralised tissue and increase the susceptibility of the enamel and dentine to abrasion from tooth brushing

Question 15

what is abfraction caused by?

Answer 15

stress lesions
wedge-shaped notch caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading
breakdown dependent on magnitude, duration, frequency and location of the occlusal forces

Question 16

how is the airway protected?

Answer 16

upward and forward movement of larynx
closure of laryngeal inlet
-aryepiglottic muscles
-epiglottis
adduction of vocal folds
stop breathing (apnoea)

Question 17

what is dysphasia?

Answer 17

language disporder
involving damage to particular parts of brain
-broca’s area
-wernicke’s area

Question 18

what is dysphagia?

Answer 18

difficulty/inability swallowing

Question 19

what is odynophagia?

Answer 19

extreme pain when swallowing

Question 20

what is dysarthria?

Answer 20

difficulty speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech

• neuro-muscular defects
• lesions in descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles, neuromuscular junctions

Question 21

what are oral causes of language and speech defects?

Answer 21

malocclusions
loss of teeth/denture related
left lip/palate
tongue related
dry mouth

Question 22

what is a cleft palate?

Answer 22

oral and nasal cavities not separated
speech has nasal quality
palatal defect has to be repaired/filled with obturator

Question 23

what conditions affect the tongue?

Answer 23

tongue stud
partial atrophy
tongue tie

Question 24

how does xerostomia impede speech?

Answer 24

inadequate saliva production makes pronouncing words difficult
cannot swallow and start talking normally

Question 25

what is torus mandibularis?

Answer 25

bony growth in mandible along surface nearest tongue

often near premolars

Question 26

what is torus palatinus?

Answer 26

bony growth on hard palate

Question 27

what are denture related problems?

Answer 27

problems cause restricted tongue space
denture base plate too thick
artificial teeth not set properly

Question 28

what is the problem with a thick denture plate?

Answer 28

laterally prevents close adaptation of the tongue to the palate
s sound becomes sh

Question 29

what speech problem will occur is the denture is on the wrong occlusal plane?

Answer 29

problem pronouncing f, v, and ph

Question 30

what happens to speech if maxillary anterior teeth are lost?

Answer 30

lost clear pronunciation of f and v
-made by lower lip contracting edges of maxillary incisors
=replacement significant

Question 31

how do you assess tone of lips and cheeks?

Answer 31

asking fundamental questions
eg address
-indicated functional relationship of lips and tongue to dentures in speech

Question 32

what oral issues occur for (wind) musicians?

Answer 32

teeth
-restorations
-loss and replacement
-aesthetic dentistry
tongue
facial muscles