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Pediatrics Oral Micro > Oral Ecology > Flashcards

Oral Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the new method to detect bacterial species

A

16S sequencing rDNA gene alignments to construct a phylogenic tree

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2
Q

in mouth how many bacteria have been cultivated

A

300+

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3
Q

by 16S sequencing how many bacteria have been detected in the oral cavity

A

700+

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4
Q

each person harbors how many species

A

100-200

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5
Q

what is the difference between transient and true residents in the oral cavity

A

transient residents are not always there, detected on occasion
true residents are always there and grow

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6
Q

each of us have more bacterial or human cells?

A

we have more bacterial cells than human cells

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7
Q

how microbiota has more/ less DNA variety than our human genome

A

more microbiota DNA variety

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8
Q

what is ecology

A

the study of the interrelationships of organisms and their environment

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9
Q

what is a niche

A

a specifici combination of conditions that are necessary for the survival of a particular organism can be physical, chemical, biological parameters

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10
Q

how are non shedding hard surfaces of teeth unique

A

microbes can form stable thick biofilms known as plaque

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11
Q

how can microbes invade soft tissues

A

periapical and odontogenic infections

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12
Q

how does oral microbiology change

A

microbes are acquired and oral structure change from eruption/lost of teeth, pocket formation and injuries

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13
Q

soft tissue to which bacteria adhere include what

A

sulcus, tongue, mucosa, gingiva

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14
Q

hard surfaces to which bacteria adhere and form biofilm include what

A

supragingival: fissures, proximal surfaces, buccal/ lingual enamel, restorations, calculus
subgingival: enamel, cementum, restorations, calculus

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15
Q

planktonic means water

A

bacteria floating in water

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16
Q

sessile bacteria are what

A

attaches to a surface in biofilms

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17
Q

what are biofilms made up of

A

adherent microbes and ECM matrix in aqueous environment

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18
Q

what is a sticky material that holds biofilms together

A

ECM- what bacteria adhere to has channels that allows fluids to flow through

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19
Q

describe the biofilm life cycle

A

initial attachment, attachment of other microbes growth and development, release of cells to seed new biofilm formation

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20
Q

describe the composition of biofilms

A

can be single species but more often formed by many species and can include fungi, protozoa and algae

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21
Q

how do microbes behave in a biofilm

A

microbe behavior much more complex and interactive by microbes turning on different genes

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22
Q

when are biofilm adaptive genes turned on

A

when bacteria detect surfaces, detect each other through (quorum sensing), signals pass between bacteria

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23
Q

how do multiple species co exist and cooperate

A

provide nutrients for each other, remove toxins, inter/ intra species signaling, and dividing labor amongst species

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24
Q

how do biofilms last in a host

A

biofilms are stable, slow growing communities that are highly resistant to antibiotics, host defenses and mechanical disruption

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25
Q

what needs to be done to kills suspended cells in biofilms

A

antibiotic doses need to be increase as much as 1000 fold to kill biofilm bacteria

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26
Q

disinfection rates are higher for planktonic or biofilm cells

A

disinfection rates higher for planktonic bacteria! low disinfection when biofilm exists

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27
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for biofilm antimicrobial resistance

A 
slow diffusion
persister cells (alive but metabolically inactive cells)
close proximity and exchange of resistance genes
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28
Q

what are biofilms the cause of

A

caries, periodontitis, osteomyelitis and osteonecrosis (2nd to bisphosphonate therapy)

29
Q

cellulitis is caused by invasive bacteria concerning biofilms how would you prevent cellulitis

A

prevent biofilms prevent invasive bacteria from causing invasive diseases such as cellulitis

30
Q

what are sites for bacterial adherence

A

host surfaces (receptor molecules), bacterial interactions, ECM

31
Q

what does salivary binding do

A

promotes binding by providing binding sites or inhibits by agglutination and clearing

32
Q

how do saliva inhibit bacterial adherence

A

Antibodies, salivary agglutinins, proline rich glycoproteins
Alpha amylase

33
Q

positive Eh is what

A

for aerobes high oxygen

34
Q

negative Eh is what

A

anaerobes low O

35
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for growth

36
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

37
Q

microaerophilic

A

require low levels of O2

38
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

anaerobic metabolism but tolerates the presence of O2

39
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

do NOT use O2, O2 is toxic kills or inhibits growth

40
Q

what is the mechanism of O2 toxicity

A

causes oxidation of membrane lipids and destruction of cell integrity, causes oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes resulting in cross linking inactivity

41
Q

why are anaerobes sensitive to O2

A

anaerobes can not make SOD, catalase, or peroxides so oxygen radicals accumulate causing damage to microbe cells

42
Q

what happens to thick plaque

A

has lower Eh and shifts to anaerobic microbe

43
Q

where are anaerobic species often found

A

O2 protected sites such as sulcus and mature coronal plaque

44
Q

what is found in supra gingival plaque

A

facultative and microaerophilic species

45
Q

what microbe is a bridge species that helps provide an anaerobic environment

A

Fusobacterium

46
Q

low pH inhibits most oral species except what

A

acid tolerant (aciduric) strep and lactobacilli

47
Q

what are the 3 determinants of caries

A

bacteria present, a substrate and a vulnerable tooth

48
Q

nutrient niche in supragingival environment

A

saliva (endogenous)

food (exogenous)

49
Q

nutrient niche in subgingival environment

A

GCF and cells (endogenous)

50
Q

what are exogenous (ingested) nutrient sources important for

A

supra gingival microbes, do NOT reach sub gingival
starches and proteins must be retained for bacterial digestion
frequency of ingestion is important!

51
Q

GCF as a endogenous nutrient source

A

serum transudate
degree of inflammation influences flow and composition
contains tissue and serum proteins, AAs, glucose, vitamins, hemi, hormones

52
Q

what is sufficient for plaque

A

endogenous nutrients

53
Q

what is needed for caries to occur

A

Exogenous carbs!

54
Q

what does sIgA do

A

in saliva prevents adhesion

55
Q

what does IgG do in GCF

A

directed against period microbes systemically and locally produced, inhibits colonization, acts as opsonins, activate complement system

56
Q

what does a amylase do in saliva

A

digests starches and binds bacteria

57
Q

mucins do what

A

lubricates

58
Q

what does salivary lysozyme do

A

digests peptidogycan in cell walls leading to cell death

59
Q

what does salivary lactoferrin and transferrin do

A

sequesters iron so bacteria can use it

60
Q

what does sialoperoxidase system do

A

generates superoxide radicals which inactive bacterial enzymes

61
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do

A

activity against bacteria and yeast

62
Q

what do proline rich proteins and statherin modulate

A

modulate salivary calcium and phosphate chemistry

63
Q

what maintains integrity of teeth

A

pellicle proteins/ salivary minerals and salivary buffering

64
Q

what produces lactic acid and how?

A

strep produces lactic acid by metabolism of sugars

65
Q

what does veillonella do to lactate

A

veillonella converts lactate to propionate raising pH

66
Q

Vitamin K3 is made by who and used by who

A

Vitamin K3 is made by Veillonella partial and used by P gingival and P intermedia

67
Q

who removes oxygen so more fastidious anaerobes such as T forsythia can survive

A

Fusobacterium nucleatum removes O2

68
Q

what are some microbial inhibitory factors

A

bacteriocins and colonization resistance by occupying a niche and preventing establishment of new strains

69
Q

what are the 6 ecological determinants

A

adherence, Eh, pH, nutrients, host inhibitory factors, bacterial community interactions

Pediatrics Oral Micro (9 decks)

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