Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 2) Flashcards
Anatomy
The scientific study of the shape and structure of the human body
Physiology
The study of the functions of the human body
Organizational levels of the body
- Cells form tissues
- Tissues form organs
- Organs form body systems
Cells
Basic units of structure in the human body
- React to stimuli
- Transform nutrients into energy
- Grow
- Reproduce
- The human body contains many types of cells: different shapes & functions
Basic components of a cell
- Cell membrane: protects the cell, acts as a filter
- Cytoplasm: watery, gel-like in which cell structures are suspended
- Ribosomes: proteins are assembled for use inside the cell
- Mitochondria: produce energy to keep cell going
- Lipid: fat droplets within cell
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: network of channels for moving substances within the cell
- Lysosomes: bags of digestive juices that break down nutrients& unwanted parts of the cell
- Chromosomes: carry cell’s genetic information
- Nucleus: the control center of the cell
- Golgi complex: where proteins made within the cell are packaged for export
- Microvilli: finger-like projections on surface of cell that increases surface area (cell’s ability to absorb)
Tissues
Formed when many millions of cells with the same shape, size, structure, and function join together to perform a specific function for the body
Types of Tissues
- Epithelial Tissues
- form a covering for the external (skin) and internal body surfaces (lining of the oral cavity and intestines) - Connective Tissues
- major support material of the body
- connects organs and tissues - Muscle Tissues
- has the ability to lengthen and shorten
- voluntary (e.g. arms, legs)
- involuntary (e.g. heart, lungs, stomach) - Nerve Tissues
- responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Organs
Formed when several types of tissues become a group and perform a single function
Body Systems
- Composed of a group of organs working together to perform a major function
- 10 systems; each has specific organs within in
- Each body system performs specific functions
Identify the different body systems
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Cardiovascular system
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Urinary system
- Integumentary system
- Reproductive system
Skeletal System
Axial: 80 bones
Appendicular: 126 bones
Components:
- bones
- cartilage
- joints
Muscular System
- Gives us the ability to stand, walk, run, jump, move eyes, smile
- Composed of more than 600 individual muscles
- For muscles to make the body move, they must work together
- Each muscle consists of:
i. muscle tissue
ii. connective tissue
iii. nerve tissue
iv. vascular (blood) tissue
3 Types of Muscles
- Striated muscle (voluntary)
- dark & light bands in muscle fibers yield a striped/striated appearance
- skeletal/VOLUNTARY muscle
- attach to bones of skeleton; makes bodily motion possible - Smooth muscle (Involuntary)
- moves internal organs (e.g. digestive tract, blood vessels) - Cardiac muscle (Involuntary)
- forms most of the walls of the heart
Cardiovascular System
Consists of:
- Circulatory system
- Heart
- Lymphatic system
These systems provide life-sustaining capabilities for the survival of the body cells and tissues
- Transportation: oxygen & nutrients, CO2, hormones & antibodies
- Regulation (body temp., chemical stability)
Nervous System
Communication system of the body
- instructions and directions are sent out to various organs of the body
Divided into CNS & PNS:
CNS - brain & spinal cord
PNS - Divided into autonomic & somatic
- Autonomic is divided into parasympathetic (rest & digest) & Sympathetic (fight or flight)
