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da (can) > Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 1) > Flashcards

Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the human body’s shape and structure

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2
Q

Nomenclature

A

System of name in science

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3
Q

Anatomical position

A
  1. Standing erect (upright)
  2. Toes pointed forward & feet flat on the floor
  3. Eyes directed to the horizon facing observer
  4. Arms by the sides with palms facing forward
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4
Q

Superior

A

ABOVE another part or closer to the head
- Ex. Nose is superior to the mouth

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5
Q

Inferior

A

BELOW another part, or closer to feet
- Ex. Heart is inferior to neck

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the FRONT
- Ex. Heart is anterior to spine

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the BACK
- Ex. Ear is posterior to nose

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8
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body
- Ex. Nose is medial to ears

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline of the body structure
- Ex. Ears are lateral to eyes

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10
Q

Proximal

A

CLOSE to a point of attachment or closer to trunk of body
- Ex. Elbow is proximal to wrist (close to should attachment)

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11
Q

Distal

A

FURTHER from a point of attachment or further from trunk of body
- Ex. Fingers are distal to wrist

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

On the back
- Ex. Spine is on dorsal side of body

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13
Q

Vertral

A

On the front
- Ex. Face is on ventral side of body

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14
Q

Planes (of the body)

A

Imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections

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15
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

VERTICAL plane that divides body into equal right and left halves

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16
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

ANY VERTICAL plane that does not pass through the midline of body & divides body into unequal right & left

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17
Q

Frontal/Coronal plane

A

Divides body into ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR portions

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18
Q

Horizontal/Transverse plane

A

Divides body into SUPERIOR & INFERIOR portions

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19
Q

Parts of Anterior Teeth

A

Central incisors, Lateral incisors, Canines (Cuspids)

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20
Q

Parts of Posterior Teeth

A

Premolars (Bicuspids), Molars

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21
Q

Make up of Permanent Dentition

A

Each arch has:
a. 4 permanent incisors (2 Central, 2 Lateral)
b. 2 permanent canines (cuspids)
c. 4 permanent premolars (bicuspids)
d. 6 permanent molars

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22
Q

How many permanent teeth in total?

A

32 teeth in a mouth

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23
Q

How many in permanent Maxillary and Mandibular arches?

A

Each have 16 teeth

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24
Q

How many permanent teeth in each quadrant?

A

8 teeth in each quadrant
a. 3 molars
b. 2 premolars (Bicuspids)
c. 1 canine (Cuspid)
d. 2 incisors (Central and Lateral)

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25
Q

How many primary teeth in each quadrant?

A

5 teeth in each quadrant
a. 2 molars
b. 1 canine (Cuspid)
c. 2 incisors (Central and Lateral)

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26
Q

How many primary teeth in total?

A

20 teeth in total
(10 in each arch)

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27
Q

Dental Sextants

A

Dentition is divided into 6 segments
- Each arch is divided into 3:
- 5 teeth in each posterior sextants (3 molars, 2 premolars) - right and left side
- 6 teeth in each anterior sextant (2 canines, 4 incisors - Central & Lateral)

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28
Q

Anatomical crown

A

The part covered by enamel (whole crown of the tooth, whether it has erupted or not)
Always remains the same

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29
Q

Clinical crown

A

The part of the tooth that can be seen in the mouth (this may include all or only part of the anatomical crown & may even include part of root)

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30
Q

Bifurcation

A

Division of the root trunk into 2
- found on lower molars

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31
Q

Trifurcation

A

Division of the root trunk into 3
- provides tooth with maximum anchorage against biting force
- found on upper molars where anchorage is essential

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32
Q

Composition of the tooth structure (Tooth tissues)

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentin
  3. Cementum
  4. Pulp
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33
Q

Enamel

A

A hard protective tissue that covers the crown of the tooth
- hardest tooth structure
- smooth (self-cleansing)
- thickest at the tip of the crown, thinner at cervical portion

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34
Q

Dentin

A

Makes up the main bulk of the tooth
- Found in both the crown and root of the tooth
- softer than enamel, harder than cementum or bone
- can continue to form throughout lifespan of a tooth

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35
Q

Cementum

A

Covers the root of the tooth
- attaches the tooth to the bone
- softer than enamel or dentin (least calcified tooth)
- light yellow in colour

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36
Q

Pulp

A

Soft connective tissue containing nerves & blood vessels in the center of tooth (non-mineralized)
- surrounded by dentin
- nourishing and sensory (pain) function
- composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, connective tissues, nerve tissues and odontoblasts (special dentin formation cells)

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37
Q

Parts of pulp cavity

A
  • Pulp chamber
  • Pulp canal

*Pulp horn = extension of the chamber

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38
Q

Common structures of the tooth

A
  1. Crown
  2. CEJ (Cemento-enamel junction) also called Cervical line or cervix
  3. Root
  4. Apex (terminal end of root –> Apical foramen = tiny opening in the apex for blood vessels and nerves to enter)
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39
Q

Periodontal Ligament

A

Suspends the tooth and provides it with nourishment
- located between bone of the alveolar process and cementum

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40
Q

Radicular

A

Have to do with the tooth root
- the radicular pulp is the pulp contained in the root

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41
Q

Incisors (Location, shape, function)

A

4 incisors in each arch (2 Central, 2 Lateral)

  • Location: Central (side by side at midline); Lateral (on each side of the central incisors)
  • Shape: Single rooted, crowns are arched and angle toward one sharp incisal edge
  • Function: to cut or incise food with their thin edges
    Tongue side is shovel shaped (helps move food to the posterior part of mouth)
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42
Q

Canines/Cuspids (Location, shape, function)

A

2 cuspids in each arch

  • Location: Next to lateral incisors, establishes the corner of the arches
  • Shape: Anchored with the longest root, one pointed cusp
  • Function: Used for holding, grasping, and tearing food
    Referred to as the CORNERSTONE of the mouth
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43
Q

Premolars/Bicuspids (Location, shape, function)

A

4 premolars in each arch (2 first premolars, 2 second premolars)

  • Location: First premolars are next to canines, followed by second premolars
  • Shape: Maxillary first premolars have bifurcated roots, all others have 1 root, 1 prominent cusp with 1 or 2 lesser lingual cusps
  • Function: Hold food, like canines because they have cusps; also to grind food
44
Q

Molars (Location, shape, function)

A

6 molars in each arch (3 in each quadrant)
1st, 2nd, 3rd molars (Wisdom tooth)

  • Location: First molars are next to second premolars, second molars next to the first molars and third molars next to second molars (the furthest in the mouth)
  • Shape: Bifurcated or trifurcated roots, broad chewing surfaces with 4 to 5 cusps
  • Function: Grinding or chewing food
45
Q

What are the tooth surfaces?

A

a. Occlusal surfaces (posterior teeth)
b. Incisal surfaces (anterior teeth)
c. Lingual surfaces (palatal maxillary teeth) - tongue side
d. Facial surfaces (Buccal, Labial)
e. Proximal surfaces (Mesial, Distal)
f. Interproximal area (space between the teeth)

46
Q

Line Angles

A

Separate two surface of a tooth by forming a junction of the two surfaces

47
Q

Point Angles

A

The point in which 3 surfaces will meet (only the corners)

48
Q

Rules of determining line and point angles

A

Line Angles:
1. Sides = Mesial or Distal (M/D)
2. Front/back = Facial or Lingual (F/L)

Point Angles:
1. Sides
2. Front/back
3. Biting surfaces = incisal or occlusal

49
Q

Anterior Teeth - Line Angles

A
  • Distolabial
  • Mesiolabial
  • Distolingual
  • Mesiolingual
  • Linguoincisal
  • Labioincisal
50
Q

Posterior Teeth - Line Angles

A
  • Distobuccal
  • Mesiobuccal
  • Distolingual
  • Mesiolingual
  • Disto-occlusal
  • Mesio-occlusal
  • Bucco-occlusal
  • Linguo-occlusal
51
Q

Anterior Teeth - Point Angles

A
  • Mesiolabioincisal
  • Distolabioincisal
  • Mesiolinguoincisal
  • Distolinguoincisal
52
Q

Posterior Teeth - Point Angles

A
  • Mesiobucco-occlusal
  • Distobucco-occlusal
  • Mesiolinguo-occlusal
  • Distolinguo-occlusal
53
Q

What are the 3 anatomic features of teeth?

A
  1. Contours
  2. Contacts
  3. Embrasures

*Anatomic features of the teeth help maintain their positions in the arch and protect the tissues during mastication

54
Q

Contours of teeth

A

All teeth have a curved surface except when tooth is fractured or worn
- Some surfaces are convex, some are concave
- General principle: crown of tooth narrows toward the cervical line

  • Facial & Lingual contours (provides gingiva with adequate stimulation for health, while protecting it from damage from food)
  • Mesial & Distal contours (provide normal contact and embrasure form)
55
Q

Height of contour

A

The “bulge” or widest point on a specific surface of the crown
- Contact areas on mesial and distal surfaces are usually considered the height of contour on proximal surfaces

56
Q

Contact (Anatomic Feature of teeth)

A

The area where the crowns of adjacent teeth in the same arch physically touch on each proximal surface

Proper contact serves the following purposes:
- Prevents food from being trapped between the teeth
- Stabilizes the dental arches by holding the teeth in either arch in positive contact with each other
- Protects the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during mastication

57
Q

Embrasures (Anatomic Feature of teeth)

A

A triangular space in a gingival direction between the proximal surfaces of 2 adjoining teeth in contact

  • They are continuous with the interproximal spaces between the teeth
58
Q

What are the clinical considerations for tooth surfaces?

A
  • The tooth’s angles, height of contour, and spaces define the front or face of a tooth when the design of a patient’s smile is considered, because these features are noted first when contemplating someone’s smile
  • Altering placement and shape of these features changes the face of a tooth and its perceived size and appearance of smile
  • Note: Mesial part of the face and silhouette of a tooth is more angled vertically than distal part
59
Q

Developmental Depressions

A

Outline the separations among the labial developmental lobes

60
Q

Cingulum

A

A raised, rounded area on the cervical third of the lingual surface

  • All anteriors on the lingual surfaces have a cingulum
61
Q

Mamelons

A

Rounded enamel extension on the incisal ridges of incisors (wears off)

62
Q

Developmental Groove

A

A sharp, deep, V-shaped linear depression that marks the junction among the developmental lobes

  • Anteriors may have on their lingual surface
  • Posterior: located in the same place and mark the junction among the developmental lobes
  • 3 different developmental grooves:
    i. Supplemental groove
    ii. Marginal groove (cross the marginal ridges)
    iii. Triangular groove (separate marginal ridge from triangular ridge of a cusp)
63
Q

Fossa/Fossae

A

A shallow, wide depression

  • On Anteriors: located on lingual
  • On Posteriors: Triangular fossa
64
Q

Developmental Pits

A

Located in the deepest part of each fossa

65
Q

Occlusal Pits

A

A sharp pinpoint depression where 2 or more grooves meet

66
Q

Marginal Ridge (Anterior)

A

Present on lingual surface
- A rounded, raised border on the mesial and distal sides

67
Q

Marginal Ridge (Posterior)

A

Raised border on the occlusal surface
- Located on distal and mesial surfaces

68
Q

Triangular Ridges

A

Cusp ridges that descend from the cusps tips toward the central part of the occlusal table

69
Q

Transverse Ridge

A

Joining of 2 triangular ridges crossing the occlusal table transversely, or from the labial to lingual

70
Q

Incisal Ridge

A

The incisal surface of the long crown of an anterior tooth

71
Q

Ala-Tragus Line

A

Used to landmark for x-rays

Ala of nose = wing
Tragus of ear = projection anterior to the external opening of ear

72
Q

Vestibule

A

The space between the teeth and the inner mucosal lining of the lips and cheeks

73
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A

The space on the tongue side within the upper and lower dental arches

74
Q

Parts of the Vestibule

A
  1. Vestibular (Mucolabial fold)
  2. Labial frenulum
  3. Labial mucosa
  4. Alveolar mucosa
  5. Labial Maxillary gingiva
  6. Labial Mandibular gingiva
75
Q

Linea Alba (Buccal Mucosa)

A

White ridge of raised tissue extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together

  • caused by friction with the teeth
76
Q

Fordyce Spots (Buccal Mucosa)

A

Normal, small, yellowish elevations that may appear on the buccal mucosa

77
Q

Mucogingival Junction

A

A distinct line of colour change where the alveolar mucosa meets with attached gingivae

78
Q

Attached gingiva

A

A lighter colour gingiva
- extends from the base of the sulcus to the mucogingival junction
- stippled, dense tissue that is self-protecting, firmly bound and resilient

79
Q

Alveolar Mucosa

A

Covers the alveolar bone
- Loosely attached to bone
- Redder in colour than labial or buccal mucosa

80
Q

Frenum (Frenulum)

A

A narrow fold of mucous membrane passing from fixed tissue to more movable tissue

  • Found at the inner midline of both upper and lower lips and by the cuspid or bicuspid areas
  • The Frena/Frenula attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and the tongue to the floor of the mouth
81
Q

Gingiva

A

Surrounds the tooth like a collar

  • Self-cleansing
  • Firm and resistant
  • Can be tightly adapted to tooth and bone
  • Stippled and resemble the rind of an orange
82
Q

Bony Eminence (Attached gingiva)

A

Raised contour of bone that follows the roots of the teeth
- Canine Eminence

83
Q

Maxillary Tuberosity (Attached Gingiva)

A

Small extension of bone posterior to last maxillary tooth

84
Q

Retromolar area

A

Bone posterior to last mandibular tooth

85
Q

Exostoses

A

Localized growth of bone

86
Q

Functions of Hard Palate

A
  • Crush food
  • Assist in swallowing
  • Prevent injury to the oral structures by determining texture and temperature of food
87
Q

Characteristics and Functions of Soft Palate

A

Posterior third of palate

  • Composed of: muscular fibers covered with mucosa
  • Most posterior portion is the uvula
  • Function: Assists by closing off the nasal cavity during swallowing or speaking - specifically the uvula
88
Q

Parts of the Tongue

A
  • Dorsum: upper surface
  • Ventral: under surface
  • Median sulcus: the depression down the midline
89
Q

Circumvallate/Vallate Papillae

A

A V-shaped row of circular, raised papillae about 2/3 of the way back

  • Involved in gag reflex
  • Contain taste buds
90
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Threadlike projections of epithelial tissue

  • Cover the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • Provide tactile sense
91
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Reddish, small, mushroom-shaped dots

  • Dorsal surface
  • Anterior, 2/3 of the tongue
  • Contain taste buds
92
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

On lateral surface, back in the region of the circumvallate papillae

  • Some taste buds
93
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A
  • Near the midline on the dorsum of the tongue
  • Directly behind the circumvallate papilla
  • Similar to the tissue of palatine tonsils
  • Works as a defense mechanism in that area
94
Q

Characteristics of Ventral surface of Tongue

A
  • Underside of tongue
  • Large visible blood vessels and deep lingual veins
  • Plica fimbriate/e
  • Sublingual caruncle
95
Q

Types of Mucous Membranes

A
  1. Masticatory Mucosa
  2. Specialized Mucosa
  3. Lining Mucosa
96
Q

Masticatory Mucosa

A

Oral mucosa that covers the hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and gingiva

97
Q

Specialized Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane on the tongue in the form of lingual papillae (structures associated with sensations of taste)

98
Q

Lining Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane that covers the inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate, and underside of the tongue

  • Acts as a cushion for underlying structures
99
Q

Universal Numbering System

A

Most widely used system in U.S. for the designation of both dentitions because it is adaptable to electronic data

100
Q

Universal Numbering System for Primary Dentition

A

Consecutive arrangement by using capital letters

A through T - starting with maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, and ending with mandibular right second molar

e.g.
- H = left maxillary canine
- Q = right mandibular lateral incisors

101
Q

Universal Numbering System for Permanent Dentition

A

Consecutive arrangement using digits 1 through 32
- Starting with maxillary right third molar, moving clockwise, and ending with the mandibular right third molar

e.g.
- 13 = maxillary left second premolar
- 27 = mandibular right canine

102
Q

Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI)

A

System used internationally (International Numbering System - INS)

  • Uses a two-digit code
  • First digit = quadrant
  • Second digit = tooth’s position in this quadrant
103
Q

FDI for Primary Dentition

A

Digits: 5 to 8
- Clockwise, starting on upper right

E.g.
6.4 = Maxillary left first molar (Quad #6, tooth #4)

104
Q

FDI for Permanent Dentition

A

Digits: 1 to 4
- Clockwise, starting on upper right

E.g.
3.2 = Mandibular left lateral incisors (Quad #3, tooth #2)

105
Q

Palmer Method

A

A right-angle symbol indicating quadrants and arch, with tooth number placed inside

da (can) (21 decks)

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