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DA (Can) > Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 13) > Flashcards

Oral Anatomy & Histology (Review: Outcome 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Oral pathology

A

The study of diseases in the oral cavity

  • Many systemic diseases as well as infectious diseases have oral signs/symptoms
  • Only a dentist or physician may diagnose pathological (disease) conditions
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2
Q

The Making of a Diagnosis

A
  • Historical
  • Clinical
  • Radiographic
  • Microscopic
  • Laboratory
  • Therapeutic
  • Surgical
  • Differential
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3
Q

Oral Lesions

A

Lesions is a broad term for abnormal tissues in the oral cavity
- can be a wound, a sore, or any other tissue damage caused by injury or disease
- Classified as to whether they are:
i. extend below or extend above the mucosal surface
ii. lie flat or even with the mucosal surface

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4
Q

Lesions extending below mucosal surface

A

1) Ulcer
- a defect or break in continuity of the mucosa that results in a punched-out area similar to a crater

2) Erosion of the soft tissue
- a shallow defect in the mucosa caused by mechanical trauma

3) Abcess
- a localized collection of pus in a circumscribed area

4) Cyst
- a closed sac or pouch that is lined with epithelium and contains fluid or semisolid material

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5
Q

Lesions extending above mucosal surface

A

1) Blisters
- also known as vesicles; filled with a watery fluid
- Bulla (blister greater than an inch)

2) Pustule
- similar in appearance to a blister but containing pus

3) Hematoma
- Also similar to a blister but containing blood

4) Plaque
- any patch or flat area that is slightly raised from the surface

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6
Q

Lesions even with mucosal surface

A

Lie flat or even with the surface of the oral mucosa and are well-defined areas of discoloration

1) Purpura
- red or purple spots that occur on the skin or mucosa caused by localized bleeding
- pinpoint size called petechiae

2) Ecchymosis
- medical term for bruising

3) Macule
- flat pigmented spot on the skin, lips or inside mucosa (mole/freckle)

4) Patch
- an area on the skin that is a different colour

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7
Q

Raised or flat lesions

A
  • Nodules, which may appear below the surface or may be slightly elevated, are small, round, solid lesions
    (when palpated, a nodule feels like a pea beneath the surface)
  • Granuloma = often used to describe a nodule that contains granulation tissue
  • Tumors, also known as neoplasms (benign or malignant)
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8
Q

Causes and Mechanisms

A
  • Intrinsic (Nature)
  • Extrinsic (Nurture)
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9
Q

Acute and Chronic Inflammation

A

Inflammation = body’s protective response to irritation or injury

  • Acute inflammation occurs if injury to tissue is minimal and short-lasting and the tissue begins to repair quickly
  • Chronic inflammation occurs when injury or irritation to tissue continues
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10
Q

Common symptoms of inflammation

A
  • Redness (erythema)
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Swelling
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11
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • Inflammation spreads through the soft tissue or organ
  • Swelling develops rapidly, accompanied by a high fever
  • Skin becomes very red, severe throbbing pain as the inflammation localizes
  • Cellulitis associated with oral infections is potentially dangerous because it can travel quickly to sensitive tissues such as the eye or brain
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11
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • Inflammation spreads through the soft tissue or organ
  • Swelling develops rapidly, accompanied by a high fever
  • Skin becomes very red, severe throbbing pain as the inflammation localizes
  • Cellulitis associated with oral infections is potentially dangerous because it can travel quickly to sensitive tissues such as the eye or brain
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12
Q

Leukoplakia

A
  • Means white patch
  • Lesions vary in appearance and texture from a fine white transparency to a heavy, thick, warty plaque
  • Cause is unknown, but is commonly linked to chronic irritation or trauma
  • Very often precedes the development of a malignant tumor
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13
Q

Sialolith

A
  • Salivary stones of calcium deposits
  • May cause obstruction of involved gland
  • Extra oral swellings
  • Painful (antibiotics/surgery)
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14
Q

Mucocele

A
  • Blocked/broken minor salivary duct
  • Swelling of lower lip
  • Kids, biting lips
  • Surgery or regress on own
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15
Q

Amalgam Tattoo

A
  • Amalgam particles become trapped in the tissue
  • Gingival tissue in the area appears blue-gray (looks like a tattoo)
16
Q

Ranula

A
  • Usually caused by a sialolith or local trauma to the duct
  • Saliva escapes into the connective tissue of the floor of the mouth
17
Q

Tonsil tissue

A
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Enlarge in infections
  • Mistaken for tumors
18
Q

Linea Alba

A
  • Raised, wavy line
  • Level of collusion on buccal mucosa
  • Hyperkeratotic
  • Cheek biting
19
Q

Aspirin Burn

A
  • Aspirin is placed in the area of a toothache
  • Acid in the aspirin causes a tissue burn
  • Necrotic white tissue that may slough off resulting in a large painful ulceration
  • Should heal within 7-14 days after aspiring use is discontinued
20
Q

Glossitis

A
  • General term used to describe inflammation and changes in the topography of the tongue
  • There is atrophy of the papilla to creating a smooth erythematous tongue
  • Causes:
    i. allergic reactions
    ii. irritations from foods
    iii. nutritional deficiencies
21
Q

Black Hairy Tongue

A
  • The filiform papillae are so greatly elongated that they resemble hairs
  • These elongated papillae become stained by food tobacco and chromogenic bacteria, hence the name
  • May be caused by an imbalance of oral flora after the administration of antibiotics or the use of mouthrinses
22
Q

Fissured Tongue

A
  • A variant of normal; its cause is unknown
  • Theories about its cause include vitamin deficiency and chronic trauma over a long period
  • Dorsal surface (top) of the tongue is marked by having deep fissures or grooves, which become irritated if food debris collects in them
  • Patient with a fissured tongue is advised to brush the tongue gently with a soft toothbrush to keep the fissures clean of debris and irritants
23
Q

Bifid Tongue

A
  • Rare
  • Partial fusion of the tongue during development
  • No treatment required
24
Q

Ankyloglossia

A
  • Tongue tie
  • Lingual frenum is attached near the tip of the tongue
  • Short lingual frenum can also attached the top of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
  • Limits movement of tongue (speech disruption)
  • Treatment: frenectomy (surgical removal of part of the lingual frenum)
25
Q

Clinical Considerations of numerous diseases that manifest themselves by causing alterations in the oral tissues

A
  • Oral mucosa is a good indicator of health or disease
  • Many disease or conditions manifest in some way on oral tissue
  • Dental team plays an important role in early detection of these diseases
26
Q

DA’s role in clinical consideration

A
  • Describe what you see
  • Identify possibilities
  • Understand causes
  • Consider clinical implications: patient comfort, IPC, treatment options
27
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A
  • A condition in which the body does not absorb vitamin B12
  • People with this condition show signs of anemia, weakness, pallor, and fatigue on exertion
  • Other signs: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and loss of appetite
  • Oral manifestations: angular cheilitis (ulceration and redness at the corners of the lips), mucosal ulceration, loss of papillae on the tongue, and painful burning sensation of tongue
28
Q

HIV and AIDS

A
  • Oral lesions are prominent features
  • Oral lesion develop because of the breakdown of immune system that occurs when T-helper cells become depleted as a result of the disease
29
Q

AIDS

A
  • Because the patient’s immune system is severely damaged, death is usually caused by an opportunistic infection
  • Opportunistic infection: one that normally would be controlled by the immune system but cannot be controlled because the immune system is not functioning properly
  • Some lesions that look like HIV and AIDS related infection may also be caused by other disorders
30
Q

HIV Gingivitis

A
  • Often a bright red line along the border of the free gingival margin
  • Also known as atypical gingivitis (ATYP)
  • Some cases, may be progression of the bright red line from the free gingival margin over the attached gingival and alveolar mucosa
31
Q

HIV Periodontitis

A
  • Resembles acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis superimposed on rapidly progressive periodontitis
  • Other symptoms include:
  • interproximal necrosis and cratering
  • marked swelling
  • intense erythema over the free and attached gingiva
  • intense pain
  • spontaneous bleeding and bad breath
32
Q

Candidiasis

A
  • Often the initial oral sign of progression from HIV-positive status to AIDS
  • Patient with compromised immune system, candidiasis can be very debilitating and serious disorder
33
Q

Cervical Lymphadenopathy

A
  • Enlargement of the cervical (neck) nodes
  • Frequently seen in association with AIDS
34
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • General term used to describe malignant disorders of the lymphoid tissue
  • In immunocompromised individual, may occur as a solitary lump or nodule, a swelling, or non-healing ulcer that occurs anywhere in the oral cavity
  • Swelling may be ulcerated or may be covered with intact, normal-appearing mucosa
  • usually painful, lesion grows rapidly and may be first evidence of lymphoma
35
Q

Hairy Leukoplakia

A
  • Can be important early manifestation of AIDS status
  • Filamentous white plaque usually found unilaterally or bilaterally on the lateral borders (sides) on the anterior portion of the tongue
  • may spread to cover the entire dorsal surface of the tongue
  • Can also appear on the buccal mucosa, where it generally has a flat appearance
36
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A
  • One of the opportunistic infections that occurs in patients with HIV infection
  • Lesions may appear as multiple bluish, blackish, or reddish blotches that are usually flat in the early stages
  • One of the intraoral lesions that is used to diagnose AIDS
37
Q

Herpes Simplex

A
  • Lesions usually occur on the lip
  • In immunocompromised patients, lesions may occur throughout the mouth
  • An ulcer caused by the herpes virus that persists for longer than 1 month may be an indicator of AIDS
  • Patients who do not have HIV or AIDS may also suffer from herpes
38
Q

Human Papillomavirus

A
  • Appears most commonly in immunocompromised individuals
  • Diagnosis is made on the basis of history, clinical appearance, and biopsy findings
  • Lesions are a common finding in patients with early HIV infection
  • These warts appear spiky and some have a raised cauliflower-like appearance

DA (Can) (21 decks)

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