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DA (Can) > Dental Emergencies & Records (Review: Outcome 5) > Flashcards

Dental Emergencies & Records (Review: Outcome 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The science or branch of medicine that includes the research, development, and manufacture of drugs

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2
Q

Drug

A

A substance that can be taken for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease

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3
Q

In what situations would the DA be required to identify drug types?

A
  • When reviewing a patient’s medication history
  • When assisting in dental procedures that require premedication
  • When assisting in a specific dental procedure for which pain control is required
  • When assisting in a medical emergency
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4
Q

Where are drugs derived from?

A

1) Organic drugs: from living organisms (i.e. plants or animals)

2) Inorganic drugs: synthesized in the laboratory or extracted from inorganic compounds

*Must drugs today are derived from chemical sources
- makes them more pure in form than those derived from a natural source that may be contaminated or polluted

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5
Q

Drugs can be identified in 3 ways

A

1) Chemical name = atomic or molecular structure of the drug
- example: N-(4_hydrophenol) acetamide

2) Generic name = shorthand version of the drug’s chemical name, structure, or formula; a name that any business firm may use
- example: Acetaminophen

3) Brand name or trade name = controlled by a pharmaceutical company as a registered trademark
- example: Tylenol

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6
Q

Adverse Drug Effects

A

The negative effects an individual experiences due to the administration of the drug into their body
- the body’s negative reactions to a drug
- drugs can possibly interfere with normal function and may even create a potentially life-threatening circumstance

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7
Q

What are the different types of drug complications?

A

1) Allergic reaction
- a drug triggers the immune response
- reactions can range from a common rash to life-threatening anaphylactic shock

2) Drug toxicity
- toxin-induced cell damage and cell death
- occurs if too much drug is taken over a short period of time causing a biochemical change that can be damaging to the body

3) Drug interaction
- when multiple drugs are introduced to the body system
- how a drug affects the effects of another drug(s) when they are used together

4) Drug tolerance
- loss of effectiveness of a drug over time
- occurs when a drug has been taken by a patient for a long period of time
- the body gets used to the drug and loses its beneficial effect

5) Drug addiction
- physical dependence on a drug

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8
Q

What are examples of opioid drugs? (Addiction)

A
  • Heroin
  • Fentanyl
  • Pain relievers like oxycodone, acetaminophen, and hydrocodone combination (Vicodin), codeine, morphine, and many others
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9
Q

Which Acts in Alberta govern the use and handling of drugs?

A

1) Alberta’s Pharmacy and Drug Act
2) Canada’s Food and Drug Act
3) Canada’s Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Canada’s Food and Drug Act?

A

Help to protect the health and safety of Canadians with respect to the sale of food and drug products

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11
Q

What are the key elements of Canada’s Food and Drug Act?

A

Set out requirements for the manufacture, packaging, labelling, storage, importation, distribution and sale of foods, and prescription and non-prescription drugs in Canada
- Requirements for drug clinical trials are also set out in the regulations

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12
Q

What is Alberta’s Drug Schedules?

A

a) Schedule 1 Drugs
- can be sold with a prescription only

b) Schedule 2 Drugs
- they do not require a prescription, but they do require professional intervention with a qualified healthcare professional

c) Schedule 3 Drugs
- are suitable for self-selection but may pose risks for certain groups of people and should be sold where a qualified health care professional is available to provide advice when required

d) Unscheduled Drugs
- can be sold without professional supervision

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13
Q

What are some examples of controlled substances and precursors included in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)?

A
  • Cocaine
  • Fentanyl
  • Morphine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Ephedrine
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14
Q

2 examples of drug references

A

1) Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPhA)
- Canadian standard for drug monograph, offering an unrivalled compilation of product monographs that are developed by manufactures, approved by Health Canada

2) Mosby’s Dental Drug Reference
- Dental-specific source

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15
Q

What is included in the package inserts?

A
  1. Information sheet that describes the drug
  2. Specific information includes:
    - how the drug will affect the body
    - for what condition the drug is being prescribed
    - any adverse effects (e.g. drowsiness)
    - any adverse long-term effects
    - special precautions to follow when taking the drug
    - contraindications to taking the drug
    - dosage and route for the drug
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16
Q

Dose

A

The amount of a drug that a patient takes

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17
Q

What are the specific factors in determining the dosage?

A
  • Age of the patient, with it affecting the newborn and aged the most
  • Weight of the patient has a direct relation to the effect of the medication
  • The time of day the drug is to be taken is important because the body’s rhythm plays an important part in the effects of some drugs
  • Patient tolerance to the drug
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18
Q

What are the different forms of drugs that can be administered?

A
  • Pills
  • Capsules
  • Liquids
  • Drops
  • Ointments
  • Sprays
  • Gases
  • Lotions
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19
Q

Local-action drug (Administration)

A

Applied directly to site of use

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20
Q

Systemic-action drug (Administration)

A

Can affect the whole body by way of circulatory system

21
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs are handled by the body, specifically drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination

(what the body does to the drug)

22
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the effects that drugs produce on various body systems

(What the drug does to the body)

23
Q

What are the stages of drug action in the body?

A
  1. Absorption = drug is absorbed from the site of entry
  2. Distribution = the chemical compound of a drug attaches to proteins within the blood and it is circulated throughout the body to be released and take effect where it was meant to act
  3. Metabolism = once the chemical compound is released, the drug becomes metabolized and is then secreted through the liver or kidneys
  4. Excretion = the drug leaves the body by way of kidneys, liver, saliva, breast milk, and sweat
24
Q

What are the drug routes classified as?

A

1) Enteral = placed directly in the GI tract
- example: oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

2) Parenteral = bypass the GI tract
- example: inhalation, topical, subgingival, subcutaneous

*All routes have advantages and disadvantages that can affect the onset and/or duration of the drug action

25
Q

How are drugs classified according to the way an individual can purchase them?

A

1) Patent medicine = drugs that can be obtained without a prescription
- also referred to as over-the-counter drugs

2) Prescription drugs = licensed medicines that are regulated by legislation and require a prescription before they can be obtained from a pharmacist
- also referred to as ethical drugs

26
Q

Prescriptions

A

A written order provided by a physician or dentist for the preparation and administration of a medicine by the pharmacist

  • only a professional who is legally authorized to prescribe medications may write a prescription
  • a professional who is authorized to prescribe medications is issued a prescriber’s identification (number)
27
Q

All prescriptions contain these parts.

A

a) Superscription
- Patient name and address, the date, the symbol Rx

b) Inscription
- Name and quantity of the drug

c) Subscription
- Directions for mixing the medication

d) Signature
- Instructions for the patient on how to take the medication, when to take it, and how much to take

e) Prescriber’s signature
f) Prescriber’s number

28
Q

Superscription

A

Patient name and address, the date, the symbol Rx

29
Q

Inscription

A

Name and quantity of the drug

30
Q

Subscription

A

Directions for mixing the medication

31
Q

Signature

A

Instructions for the patient on how to take the medication, when to take it, and how much to take

32
Q

Analgesics

A

Prescribed for the relief of acute pain, postoperative pain, and/or chronic pain
- This type of drug lessens the sensory function of the brain by blocking pain receptors

a) Non-opioid group of analgesics include:
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and aspirin)
- indicated for mild to moderate pain

b) Opioid analgesics are prescribed for moderate to moderately severe pain
- most common type of drug prescribed is codeine

33
Q

Examples of Non-opioid group of analgesics

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
- Aspirin

34
Q

Examples of Opioid analgesics

A

Codeine

35
Q

How are Antibiotics classified as?

A

a) Bactericidal antibiotics = directly kill an infecting organism
- e.g. penicillin

b) Bacteriostatic antibiotics = inhibit the production of bacteria by interfering with their metabolic process
- e.g. tetracycline and erythromycin

36
Q

Bactericidal antibiotics

A

Directly kill an infecting organism
- e.g. penicillin

37
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

Inhibit the production of bacteria by interfering with their metabolic process
- e.g. tetracycline and erythromycin

38
Q

What forms do antibiotics come in?

A
  • Gels
  • Threadlike fibers
  • Microspheres
  • Mouth rinses
39
Q

What are the common types of antibiotics found in dental settings?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporin
  • Erythromycin
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Tetracycline
40
Q

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

A

The prescribing of an antibiotic to a patient to prevent bacterial colonization

41
Q

What conditions would be given an antibiotic prophylaxis?

A

Cardiac conditions
- artificial heart valve
- history of infective endocarditis
- serious congenital heart conditions and those with repaired congenital defect
- heart transplant

42
Q

Antifungal Agents

A
  1. Certain types of antifungal drugs are better at fighting certain types of fungi
  2. Fungal infections can be diagnosed in patients who are:
    - immunocompromised
    - have a poorly fitting prosthesis
    - patients with xerostomia
    - patients who are taking antibiotics
  3. One of the most commonly prescribed drugs is nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nystex)
43
Q

What is one of the most commonly prescribed antifungal agent drugs?

A

Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstatm Nystex)

44
Q

Antiviral Agents

A
  1. Viral infections can affect the oral cavity
    - hepatitis
    - hand-foot-and mouth disease
    - primary herpes simplex
    - recurrent herpes
    - herpes zoster
    - HIV
  2. With most viral infections, some type of lesion commonly appears in the mouth
45
Q

What are the different forms of antiviral agents?

A
  • Capsule
  • Tablet
  • Liquid
  • Ointment
46
Q

What is the most common antiviral agent?

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

47
Q

Antianxiety Agents

A

Antianxiety agents have become a large part of “pain-free dentistry”
- patients who have hesitated going to the dentist because of their fear of pain can now receive antianxiety drugs or sedation dentistry to help manage their pain and anxiety during dental appointments

48
Q

What drugs are commonly prescribed in medicine?

A
  1. Cardiovascular drugs
  2. Respiratory drugs
  3. Gastrointestinal drugs
  4. Neurologic drugs
  5. Psychoactive drugs
  6. Endocrine/hormonal drugs
49
Q

How to store medication?

A
  1. Read the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or product information sheets that accompanies the drug
  2. Comply with legislation surrounding drug storage
  3. Adhere to practice protocols that monitor for expired and recalled drugs
  4. Follow legislation for drug disposal
  5. Ensure all products are labeled accurately

DA (Can) (21 decks)

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