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Geography 12 > Option G: Urban Environments > Flashcards

Option G: Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the # of people needed to support a good or population? (______ population)

A

Threshold population

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2
Q

What are activities which are untaxed, unregulated jobs? What about the opposite?

A

Informal and formal activities

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3
Q

the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process

A

Gentrification

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4
Q

What is the process of the movement of population away from larger urban areas to small urban areas, new towns, commuter towns, beyond the rural urban fringe (_____urbanization)

A

Counter urbanization

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5
Q

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

A

Ecological footprint

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6
Q

Which are which (low order or high order goods)
1. Luxury of shopping goods bought or used infrequently, for examples watches and cars
2. Necessity goods or convenience goods bought frequently,such as bread and newspaper

A
  1. High order — luxury
  2. Low order - necessity!
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7
Q

What population do cities need to be considered a mega city?

A

10 million

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8
Q

Why do megacities grow so fast in lower income countries?

A

Natural increase, rural urban migration….

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9
Q

What is the process of outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding rural areas?

A

Suburbanization

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10
Q

What is the bid rent theory (like which is the centre, middle, and farthest away from the centre)

A
  1. Retail (most $$$)
  2. Office
  3. Residential
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11
Q

Do wealthy people live near rivers or canals? Compare in HIC vs LIC.

A

In HIC yes bc the view and access to activities. In LIC no, the poorest are pushed there because it is unstable and vulnerable to flooding.

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12
Q

Why do people of the same ethinicity tend to congregate in small communities such as the South Asian population in Surrey? (Positive segregation)

A
  • support services
  • familiar language and culture
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13
Q

Is this type of urban area in HIC or LIC?
- rich live near city centre, higher quality land occupied by wealth
- segregation by wealth, race and ethnicity evident
- manufacturing scattered throughout the city

A

LIC

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14
Q

What is housing that is self help housing made from scrounged materials (iron, plastic, cloth)

A

Shanty housing

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15
Q

How can a government address the housing shortage? (3)

A
  • provide safe electricity to people in shanty housing, so the don’t have to obtain it illegally in dangerous ways
  • public housing
  • loans and grants (whic are unlikely in LIC bc money, overcrowding)
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16
Q

What are the problems with urban sprawl specifically to farmers who previously owned the land. Where will dislocated farmers go? (2)

A
  • move outwards to new farming areas —> more transportation costs and GHG released as a result
  • move into city to find non farming work
17
Q

What are some examples of urban services deprivation (think road services… public…) (3)

A
  • less services (street maintenance, garbage)
  • poor road infrastructure
  • more rubbish in the streets (poor living condition)
18
Q

Define urbanization

A

The process where populations move from rural to urban areas increasing the number of people.

19
Q

How does the urban environment change in LIC? Think sprawl, migration, who is moving to cities, and what is the consequences of these people moving to these big cities with little education only labour work.(3)

A

-sprawl horizontally
- chain migration from rural to village to town to city
- mostly young, single males (distort population structure)
- farmers with few urban skills —> shanty housing and informal activity

20
Q

How do urban environments change in high income countries? Think about how transportation changes (2)

A
  • introduction of motor vehicles + narrow streets = congestion & pollution!!!
  • traffic makes going into the inner city unattractive
  • gentrification
  • gov tries urban renewal to prevent urban decay
21
Q

Why would cities deindustrialize (long term absolute decline in employment in manufacturing sectors… loss in jobs rather than productiity) What are the reasons? (6)

A
  • exhaustion of resources
  • increasing cost of raw materials
  • automation and tech
  • introduction of rival product
  • fall in demand
  • political factors (ex. Restricting free trade or more tarriffs)
22
Q

What are two factors that affect the climate of an urban area?

A

The structure of air above the urban area - more dust means more particles and fumes

The structure of the urban surface—> more heat retaining materials lower albedo, better radiation absorbing properties

23
Q

What are the 5 factors that contribute towards urban heat islands?

A
  1. Heat produced by human activities
  2. Buildings have a high thermal capacity in comparison to rural areas
  3. Effect on air flow: turbulence of air may be reduced overall (funnelling effects)
  4. Reduced number of open water bodies
24
Q

What are 6 ways that you can reduce air pollution from transport emissions?

A
  1. Burning less fosil fuel and using more energy efficient technology such as hybrid and electric cars
  2. Using public transport rather than private cars
  3. Using a car pooling scheme
  4. Cycling or walking more
  5. Using catalytic converters to reduce emissions of NOx
  6. Increasing enforcement of emissions standards
25
Q

How did they clear slum areas fro the Olympic Games?

A
  • forced displacement —> land speculators bought properties, police made area safe, house prices rose faster, crime decrease (gangs)
26
Q

Why are open green spaces healthy for urban areas?

A
  • better for physical and mental well being
  • clears up air pollution
  • pleasant to look at
  • gives space for kids to play
27
Q

Where is the majority of criminal activity concentrated in?

A

In most urbanized and industrialized areas; the poorest working class neighbourhoods.

28
Q

What is the future for urban cities? Where will it increase population and in which countries is it expected to decrease?

A
  • more populations living in urban areas
  • decrease of population in urban cities in Europe and Asia due to aging populations
29
Q

What type of city has a functioning transport network and energy, water and waste infrastructure?
- allow for social mobility (otherwise protest, unrest and conflict may result
- reduced ecological footprint by burning less fossil fuel and increasing # of resources that can be recycled, reused and reduced
- adapt to environmental change; build expensive infrastructure such as tidal barriers and sea walls.

A

Resilient city

30
Q

Do governments need to provide citizens with a reliable supply of clean water at an affordablae and acceptable level.

A

Yes

31
Q

How can cities manage flood risk?

A

Build levees and sea walls

32
Q

How can cities have low carbon emissions per person to prevent smog?

A

Limit the burning of coal by residents

33
Q

What are the benefits of compact cities (eco cities) (think about reduced distance and how that can be sustainable. (4)

A
  • minimized travel distances
  • use less space
  • require less infrastructure (pipes, cables, roads…)
  • easier to provide a public transport network
34
Q

What are the 5 goals of an eco city? What does it want to achieve?

A
  • no carbon wastes
  • recycle all waste products
  • all renewable energy
  • self contained economy (less carbon waste with transport)
  • preserve natural environment
  • full employment
  • reduced poverty, eliminate discrimination
35
Q

What is the area of land needed to support current consumption needs (including resources to support food, housing, transport, waste production). Measured in global hectares

A

Ecological footprint

36
Q

How did the cable cars in Bolivia help with traffic management? (3)

A
  • affordable route
  • vs windy, congested highway
  • less pollution
37
Q

What is a city whose investments in social and human capital, along with physical infrastructure and ICT (information and communications technology) enable sustainable development and high quality of life

A

A smart city

38
Q

Which city has these aspects:
- pneumatic tubes send trash directly from residence to underground waste facility (sorted, recycled, burned for energy generation
- sensors to monitor: energy use, traffic flow
- has car sharing services
- strong public transport system (longer subway, local buses)
- walkability (shopping mall and convention centre within 15 mins
- high density mixed use building

A

Songdo Korea

Geography 12 (13 decks)

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