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Geography 12 > HL Extensions - Global Networks Nd Flows > Flashcards

HL Extensions - Global Networks Nd Flows Flashcards

1
Q

What type. Of exports do LIC usually specialize in? (3)

A

Agricultural produce, timber, raw materials and minerals

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2
Q

What exports do high income countries specialize in?

A

Manufactured goods (motor vehicles and machinery)

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3
Q

What exports do emerging economies (china and Taiwan) specialize in? (Low-cost but well-educated workforces)

A

Electronic equipment such as computers, mobile phones, and semi conductors

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4
Q

What led to the expansion of global trade? (2)

A
  1. Fall of the Soviet Union —> single capitalist world market
  2. Saved of neo-liberal policies
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5
Q

Which 3 continents (areas) make up the global trade triad?

A

North America, Europe, East Asia - especially China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong

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6
Q

Aid definition

A

Grants or loans at below normal market interest rates to low-income countries.

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7
Q

How do governments (of HIC) leverage aid vs the citizens?

A

Governments use it as an economic instrument —> aid comes with accountability and conditions
Citizens put money in civil societies (usually unconditional grants)

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8
Q

What are the problems of short-term emergency aid? (3)

A
  • ex. Food aid alleviates immediate threat of malnutrition but local farmers cannot compete.
  • destroys country’s farming sector
    -long-term, chronic dependence on imported food
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9
Q

What are some solutions for the large amounts of debt that some LIC have? (One neoliberal solution, one solution that criticizes neoliberalism, and one organization/initiative that was launched to give debt reduction support.

A

Neoliberal: increase exports of goods and services
Critics of neoliberalism: wealthy countries ease the debt burden, lower or eliminate interest charges
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiaitve (HIPC)

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10
Q

What is the process of international remittances (why does it occur)?

A

Labour migration from labour surplus to labour deficit. Transfer money from foreign worker to home country.

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11
Q

Illegal flows (4)

A
  • undocumented migrant workers
    -human trafficking —> sexual slavery
  • narcotics
  • counterfeit goods
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12
Q

Negative impacts of narcotics trade

A
  • less productive activities, ruined relationships that enable society to function
  • higher crime rates
  • students drop out of school, less educated workforce
  • raises rates of infectious diseases (HIV) —> more costly for healthcare
  • low exchange rate
  • encourages large scale money laundering
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13
Q

What about free trade zones make it play a key role in the illegal trafficking of counterfeit goods, narcotics, and even human trafficking?

A

goods are landed, handled, manufactured, processed, reexported without any customs regulations, duties, or taxes

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14
Q

What is a for-profit enterprise that is registered or operates in several different countries using a system of decision making that lows coherent policies and common strategies?

A

Transnational corporation (TNC)

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15
Q

What are the positives, advantages, that TNCs bring to host countries (4)

A
  • Jobs (that increase technical skills and educational opportunities for the local population).
  • lower prices (economies of scale) for local population
  • develop unexploited resources (ex. Expensive equipment to being mining)
  • higher quality goods
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16
Q

Negatives, cons, of TNCs for host countries (5)

A
  • goal is to maximize profit for shareholders, not the welfare of the local population. Meaning that th profits are returned overseas,
  • local companies cannot compete with TNCs
  • TNCs have large control, therefore can force wages down
  • import cheapest resources (minerals and fuel), not supporting local economies.
  • when local resources are used, they can use their economic strength to buy the resources for lower price or they can drive up the demand and $$$
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17
Q

What is it called when a TNC makes an invest of funds into a foreign country? Can be a businesses operation from the ground up or acquiring another business by taking over its operations and assets.

A

Foreign Direct Investments (FDI)

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18
Q

What is it called when people pay an overseas firm to perform work in the name of a TNC (ex. Nike pays a locally owned factory in a development countries to make shoes under a formal agreement, and Nike then buys the shoes for resale)

A

Outsourcing

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19
Q

What are the problems that arise with Apple outsourcing their raw materials in Rwanda and the DR of Congo? (The materials are coltan). Think environmental and ethical issues (2)

A
  • land eroded by mining pollutants (close to habitat of mountain gorillas.)
  • child labour
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20
Q

Does Apple outsource its production? How does its supply chain work? (From design, to collecting raw materials like coltan, to manufacturing and assembling)

A

Yes, it outsources most of it from China and Taiwan. Design is in Silicon Valley, raw materials obtained in DRC and China and Taiwan manufacture and produce.

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21
Q

Which continent is Airbus mainly centered around? Why did the company chose to do this?

A

Global strategy of creating jobs in Europe.

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22
Q

What is it called when old planes/airbuses are reused for their parts?

A

Cannibalisation

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23
Q

What are organizations that operate across a number of different states? (Ex. World Bank, IMF, the UN)

A

Multi-governmental organizations (MGOs)

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24
Q

What is an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported without the intervention of the customs authorities.

A

Free trade zones

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25
Q

The primary purpose of a ____________ is to remove from a seaport, airport, or border those hindrances to trade caused by high tariffs and complex customs regulations. Among the advantages of the system are the quicker turnaround of ships and planes through the reduction in formalities of customs examinations and also the ability to fabricate, refinish, and store goods freely.

A

Free trade zone

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26
Q

What is causing the “shrinking world”? (like how is the world shrinking and what data is now being transferred)

A

globalization, better transportation technology and non-physical goods. e-,commerce, think netflix.

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27
Q

what is the idea that areas that are close together are usually more likely to interact with one another?

A

distance decay

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28
Q

which transportation vehicles have largely contributed towards the shrinking world? (2) and what simplifies the transition from one mode of transportation to another)

A
  1. commercial jet aircraft
    2 development of larger ocean-going vessels
  2. containerization (simplifies the transition from one mode of transportation to another)
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29
Q

Which transportation vehicle is quickest (good for agricultural products)

A

jet

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30
Q

Which things/items are rapidly increasingly being used in LIC? (2)

A
  1. Internet
  2. Mobile phones
31
Q

Why is an availability of natural resources good for global interactions? Give an example in the Middle East

A

export raw materials that are in demand on the world market. ex oil in the middle east

32
Q

What did HIC’s do to their economies after gaining wealth from exporting raw materials? This helped them develop significantly and grow a stronger more resilient economy.

A

Diversify

33
Q

How does geographical/physical isolation make it more expensive to import items? (2)

A

Need to pay for other countries to use their airspace (ex get oil to coast). Less access to market, agriculture.

34
Q

Which sustainable development deals with the statistic that nearly 800 million people worldwide lack access to adequate food and over half the adult population in sub-Saharan Africa hace moderate or severe food insecurity (4 different aspects in one goal lol)

A

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable sgriculture

35
Q

Which Index measure longevity (life expectancy), education index (years of schooling, expected years of schooling), and standard of living (income adjusted to local cost of living, PURCHASING POWER)

A

Human Development Index

36
Q

What is the index that measures reproductive health in women (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates), gender empowerment (proportion of parliamentary seats held my women and proportion of females and males over 25 years with experience in secondary school), and economic status (labour force participation m vs f ages 15+)

A

The Gender Inequality Index (GII)

37
Q

Which organization has developed Women’s Empowerment Principles? (corporate leadership for gender equality, treat women and men fairly at work, education for women…)

A

UN Women and UN Global Compact

38
Q

Which fund is a UN Agency that aims to eradicate rural poverty by financing projects to aid agricultural development in developing countries (empowering Indigenous and minority groups)

A

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

39
Q

What are some criticisms of the HDI (Human development index) (reliability and validity)

A
  1. does not consider environmental sustainability
  2. three variables are equally weighted
  3. the UN has errors in their calculations due to the complex data. They are refining it, but this makes it unreliable to compare with previous years.
40
Q

What is one criticism of the GII (gender inequality index)? (reliability and validity) what makes it inaccurate?

A
  1. some women’s work is unpaid, informal, and child care so it underestimated the gender disparity
41
Q

What is the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups regarded as disadvantaged or subject to discrimination.

A

Affirmative action

42
Q

What was traditional China’s attitude towards women and how did the communists’ affirmative action towards gender equality change this?

A

Traditionally - women had no rights, social status, no formal education, child brides, foot binding….
Affirmative action —> equal pay for equal works same employment as men,
After communist revolution women could vote, own land, move out of the home, have autonomy in marriage.
GOV SET QUOTAS FOR FEMALE PARLIAMENTARIANS

43
Q

What is a banking service provided to unemployed or low-income individuals with the intention of development their businesses and building the foundation to earn their own money?

A

Micro financing

44
Q

What is it called when a trade attempts to be socially, economically, and environmentally responsible? Workers are paid fairly and have good health and safety at work (no child labour)

A

Fair trade

45
Q

What is the responsibility called when companies assess social, economic, and environmental impacts of their activities and take action to reduce these impacts if necessary? (try to be more sustainable)

A

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

46
Q

What is it called when two cultures intermingle (historically through colonization (cultural imperialism), trade, warfare)

A

Cultural diffusion

47
Q

What is it called when a dominant culture (USA) captures markets for it commodities and thereby gains influence and control ver the popular consciousness of other cultures? (Like though export of entertainment)

A

Cultural imperialism

48
Q

Give 2 examples of how cultural imperialism has influenced countries outside of America (there are 4 options)

A

1.Language has been slowly shifting towards English, English is the national language in many countries in Africa, it is the most popular second language to be learnt, scientist, papers, internet is majority in English.
2. Growth of TNC and consumer culture, McDonald’s and Coca Cola
3. Western media industries Disney, news, BBC…
4. Democracy

49
Q

What is it called when an international corporations modifies some of its offerings in order to accommodate local consumer tastes or preferences

A

Glocalization (cross between globalization and localization)

50
Q

How does McDonald’s demonstrate glocalization through it’s products around the world?

A

To appease the local taste buds, they change the menu based on where it is located, like there are shrimp burgers in South Korea. Because the idea of McDonald’s also changes depending on the location, the style of serving changes. Like in China, McDonald’s is seen as Americanized, foreign, and thus exotic and stylish. Therefore, middle class people go to enjoy special family outing.

51
Q

What makes an urban cultural landscape change or become more connected? Think about the movement/communication of people and ideas. (3 out of 6)

A
  1. Improvements in communications technology (TV, Internet) so that people in cities around the world are aware of opportunities and trends in other cities
  2. Increased international migration ad the spread of ideas and cultures.
  3. Time-space convergence, our shrinking world
  4. Desire of global brands (TNC) like McDonalds, Coca-cola and Starbucks to reach new markets
  5. Improvements in standard of living
  6. Globalization of economic activity, culture, and political activies
52
Q

The scattering or dispersal of a community of people or a cultural group from its homeland to other parts of the world. These people share common background and sense of identity.

A

Diaspora

53
Q

Which diaspora will I talk about if a case study came up about it? Why did this diaspora choose to migrate places like Africa or North America?

A

Chinese diaspora. Africa - oil investments, work in construction. NA - many of them have degrees, pursue jobs & family

54
Q

What are the benefits of local commercial production for the consumer and local economy? (Choose out of 3) What are the benefits of globalized production for the consumer and producer. (Choose out of 4)

A

Local commercial production:
- fresh food
- less air miles/carbon footprint
- multiplier effects (demand for fertilizers, vets, farm equipment)

Globalized production
- cheap food available year round
- all types of products available year round
- competition between producers keeps main costs down
- specialization, intensification and increased production for economy.

55
Q

A society considered as a communities of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity. Usually a traves de NGOs. Not as powerful as gov, privat sector, etc… Can advocate against TNCs unethicalness.

A

Civil society

56
Q

Why are people against immigration? (3)

A
  • perceived threat over competition for jobs
  • cost of housing, education, health increases
  • fear of rising crime rate/spread of infectious diseases (think anti-china)
57
Q

What is the thing called in China that blocks websites and social media (IG)? The role of social media is supposed to support the governments rule

A

A Great Firewall.

58
Q

Which country has this government control of personal freedoms to participate in global interactions?
- no travel around country or abroad
- <10% of the pop have cellphones
-only government frequencies for radios

A

North Korea

59
Q

WHy would a country put trade taxes/ restrictions on imported goods? How does this benefit the country?

A

Makes the home country’s goods competitive. Can maybe help the country industrialize

60
Q

____________ reduces trade in countries. Includes taxes on imports (tariffs), limits on volume of inputs (quotas), administrative barriers (food safety, environmental standards)….

A

Protectionism

61
Q

What is resources nationalism and how did they do this in Ghana/South Africa/Zambia for the mining industry?

A

When a country decides to take all or part of one or a number of natural resources under state ownership. Raise taxes to go to the government.

62
Q

How has HongKongs restricted freedoms been challenged?

A
  • China taking over democracy, judiciary system, etc…
  • student-led peaceful protests.
  • supposed to be “one country, two systems” so HK has some autonomy ad more rights to its people
  • violent protests, police fire live bullets and protestors attacking officers and throwing petrol bombs.
63
Q

What do you know about the Arab Spring

A

Pro-democracy protests and uprisings in Middle East and North Africa. Challenges authoritarian regimes that promoted corruption, economic decline, unemployment, food shortages…
- Began in Tunisia, after protests new gov elected with more human rights and gender equality.
- less success in places like Syria where ISIS was formed and humanitarian crisis

64
Q

How does a government surviellance affect personal freedoms? Ex. Taps on fibre optic cables, private sector collect data to third party service providers. How is this dangerous (can develop for these private sectors??

A

Global industry around the sale of surveillance technologies.

65
Q

What are risks to supply chain flow (physical environmental factors, political factors, economic factors, technological factors)?

A

Physica environmental - natural disasters, earthquakes floods, extreme weather… shortages of food, closing of factories
Political - protectionism, trade restrictions, conflict. Ex. Sanctions to Russia, depleted flow of goods. Or resource nationalism.
economic factors - currency fluctuations

66
Q

Define: the movement of profits made in a business or investment in a foreign country back to the country of origin. Done to protect against expropriation ( the action by the state or an authority of taking property from its owner for public use or benefit. ) or to take advantage of currency fluctuation.

A

Profit repatriation

67
Q

How are drones and 3d printing dangerous? Esp in military?

A
  • drones can surveillance and can dessensitive armed personnel to killing, cause civilian fatalities
  • 3d printing can print weapons firearms, knives, counterfeit goods…
68
Q

What is the geopolitical tension between South and North Korea?

A
  • Cold War, communism vs democracy. Soviet Union vs US.
  • Demilitarized zone (DMZ) where tension is physcaillly seen, mines underground, walls build on SK ide,
  • NK was succcessful until the fall of the Socvet Union; famine, economy shrink…
  • US supports SK, China support NK. Thus, US soldiers in SK.
  • possible reunification.
  • fears about nuclear war due to geopolitical tensions
69
Q

Which GHG produce acid rain? Which factory processes produce it?

A
  • sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
  • burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
70
Q

What is something that is important for globalization, (more flows bt countries…) but also contributes towards pollution?

A

Shipping - oil and chemicals in spills, waste dumpin, air pollution though GHG… More CO2. Sulphur and nitrous oxides —> acidification.

71
Q

How does WWF ( World Wide Fund for Nature ) the one with the panda. Attempt to raise awareness about and find solutions for environmental and social risks associated with global interactions? (3) like wat are its goals?

A
  • biological diversity
  • sustainable renewable natural resources
  • less pollutions and wasteful consumption
  • restore populations of specifies that are important for ecosystem (elephants!)
  • reduce ecological footprints in terms of carbon emissions, crop land, grazing, forestry, and water.
72
Q

What is the social civil society that focuses on the alleviation of global poverty? Focuses on sustainable livelihood, basic social services, life and security… encourages political will and human action. Ex. Micro finance schemes. Economic justice focuses on improving farming for farmers and labourers, fairer trade… better health education, water and sanitation…

A

Oxfam

73
Q

What are the 3 strategies to build resilience?

A
  1. Restoring of economic activity by TNCs
  2. Use of crowd sourcing technology to build resilience by gov and civil society
  3. New technologies for management of global flows of data and people, including cyber security and e passports
74
Q

the practice of transferring a business operation that was moved overseas back to the country from which it was originally relocated. Will build more jobs in home country, multiplier effect.

A

Reshoring

Geography 12 (13 decks)

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