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Geography 12 > Option F: The Geography Of Food And Health > Flashcards

Option F: The Geography Of Food And Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Long term hunger caused by a lack of food over a long timescale.

A

Chronic hunger

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2
Q

Having a diet that lacks proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat or not enough good quality food. Inadequate amount of quality of quantity of food as well as those diets that consume too much food.

A

Malnutrition

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3
Q

the length of time that an individual can expect to live based on adjustments made for years of ill health (a type of measurement for life expectancy)

A

HALE Health Ajusted Life Expectancy

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4
Q

Which index to measure nutrition considers affordability, avilability, and quality of food services? Their definition of of food security is state in which people always have physical, social, economic access to meet dietary needs.

A

Food security index

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5
Q

Which index measures
1. Undernourishment (insufficient calorie intake)
2. Child wasting (low weight for their height)
3. Child stunting (low height for their age)
4. Child mortality

A

Global Hunger Index

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6
Q

Why is measuring calories per capita not necessary accurate upon food security or malnutrition?

A

They may have many calories per capita, but it can be unhealthy food that does not contribute towards healthy lifestyle. Calorie per capita is also measuring the calories that a household buys, not consumes. Much waste or unused, esp in HIC.

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7
Q

Which model describes:
LIC:, food energy shifts from mainly carbohydrates. Small increase in GDP results in large increase in calories capita.
HIC: carbohydrates and fat with significant contributions from meat and dairy.

A

Nutritional transition model

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8
Q

Which measure of life expectancy considers mortality (dead) and morbidity (unhealthy)? Adjusts overall life expectancy by the amount of time lived in less than perfect health.

A

HALE

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9
Q

What is the rate that is the probability per 1,000 births that a child will die before reaching the age of 5?

A

Child mortality rate of U5 mortality rate.

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10
Q

What is the rate that is the number of deaths in children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births?

A

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

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11
Q

What is the rate that measures the annual number of female earths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy and its management.

A

Material mortality rate

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12
Q

What are some things that contribute towards access to sanitation? (5)

A
  • facilities
  • sewage systems
  • flush toilets
  • ventilation
  • low access in rural areas —> more effective to focus on urban areas
  • government policies
  • population density
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13
Q

What is the transition that details how a country’s health profile shifts from infectious or contagious communicable diseases (epidemic) to non-communicable diseases that cause a gradual worsening in the health of an individual (degenerative disease)?

A

Epidemiological transition

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14
Q

Why are there more chronic diseases, especially in HIC? Connects to another trend in these HIC

A

Aging populations

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15
Q

Impact of a health issue when measured by its financial cost, mortality, morbidity… It is especially high for LIC that continue to experience infectious dieseases and non-communicable diseases with the elderly population

A

Disease burden

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16
Q

How can you compare the relative sustainability of subsistence farming vs commercial farming? Look at inputs, outputs, cycle

A

Subsistence:
Input: labour (usually from whole family)
Output: many types of crops eaten and cycled around
- waste can be reused in other areas

Commercial:
Input: farmer and machinery
Output: animals slaughtered and profited off of

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17
Q

Are food shortages only caused by physical factors? If not, what other factors influence food shortage?

A

Political and economic factors

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18
Q

What is the spread of a disease into new locations? It occurs when incidences of disease spread out from an initial source. (Frictional effect of distance or distance decay suggests that) areas closer to the sources and more likely to be affected by it, and sooner, than areas further away from the source.

A

Disease diffusion

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19
Q

What type of disease difficusion occurs when the expanding disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new areas?

A

Expansion diffusion

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20
Q

What type of diffusion occurs when the spreading disease moves into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the disease. An example could be a person infected with AIDS moving to a new location.

A

Relocation diffusion

21
Q

What are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans?

A

Vectors

22
Q

What are diseases that spread through expansion diffusion through dirty water (parasites)? (Water in LIC used for different, non-compatible purposes (graze cattle, toilet, clothes)

A

Water Bourne diseases

23
Q

Which vector Bourne disease is spread by a parasite carried by mosquitos mainly in Africa, South America, SE Asia…

A

Malaria

24
Q

Which environments do Malaria thrive in? Think temperature, population density, availability of medical facilities, water logs)

A
  • tropical areas
  • heavily populated
  • scarce medical facilities
  • low irrigation, logging, tropical forests
25
Q

What are some ways to solve Malaria? (How to create BARRIERS OF DIFFUSION) and what are the cons of it (5)

A
  • draining swamps + marshes, pesticides (expensive)
  • medication to malaria (side effect of blindness)
  • bed nets (expensive)
  • eliminate mosquitos by filling in irrigation
  • introduce fish that eat the parasite
26
Q

What is a water borne disease which is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium?

A

Diarrhoea

27
Q

How is diarrhoea transmitted between people? Especially in low income countries

A

Human sewage pollutes the water (ex. Toilet in hole in riverbank)
- fleas often transfer diarrhoea to food, pollute other’s water

28
Q

What are 3 ways that diarrhoea can spread (or increase the chances of it spreading)? What is a simple way of making this decrease?

A
  1. Poor sanitation —> open defecation, no refrigeration for food, overcrowded housing
    2 access to clean water —> lack of running water leads to poor disposal of faeces
  2. Poor nutrition —> low immunity, children susceptible

Easy to control is sanitation and access to water is improved/available

29
Q

Which food programme aims to end global hunger by focusing on food assistance for the poorest and most vulnerable people.
- identifies most food insecure people to ensure the most effective targeting
- identifies the most appropriate type and scale of intervention
- ensure the most efficient use of humanitarian resources by allocating funding according to needs

A

World Food Programme (WFP)

30
Q

What is the NGO where voluntary doctors and healthcare workers can go to conflict zones and LICs to support the medical centres?
It also has infrastructure projects to provide clean drinking water, nutritious foods, education I to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.

A

MSF Doctors without Borders

31
Q

How do TNCs shape food consumption habits:
What is the goal of TNCs? Are they more influential in HIC or LIC? Are the foods processed?

A
  • Goal of TNC is to earn money
  • More influential in LIC because in HIC food is considered unhealthy. LIC with growing economies(China and India) are the target run
  • Yes processed (refined starches, sugars, fats and oils, preservatives, additives)
32
Q
  1. What type of integration is when one firm controls most or all stages in production?
    (Usually TNC declares profits in a country with a low tax rate to avoid large markups)
  2. What type of integration is when one corporation controls several firms within the same industry (monopoly)
A
  1. Vertical integration
  2. Horizontal integration
33
Q

What is it called when smaller companies get acquired by TNCs to gain customers (like smaller companies are bought out and owned by TNCs)
—> it threatens the viability of commodity farmers

A

Consolidation

34
Q

What do TNCs do in LIC? (With reference to their control of LICs food systems, effect on local producers, affordability and availability in LI markets, define dietary adaptation, health side effects)

A
  • TNC control domestic food systems bc cheaper
  • overtake local food producers
  • better for customers, more affordable $$ and available than local food (usually available all year round not seasonally)
  • dietary adaptation - change to have more processed, refined, and branded foods. Largely due to marketing and culture shift to westernization.
  • more convenience (fast food chains, supermarkets)
  • health side effect: obesity nd malnutrition
35
Q

What is one solution to ensure that women are not discriminated in food insecurity? Esp in LIC?
-women have less access to education, information, $$$, and authority
- women eat last (chronic malnutrition)

A

TO SOLVE
- elimate educational gender discrepancy

36
Q

What are 4/8 factors that affect the severity of a famine?

A
  • drought length and severity
  • governance
  • power of the media (can bring attention to the public of the impacts of hazarded and raise funds for disaster relief)
  • access to international aid
  • population growth (mainly due to refugees and internationally displaced people)
  • global climate change
  • changing food preferences among richer (ex. Cattle need grains to feed, so farmers sell to companies which can pay more vs people)
  • civil unrest including war —> disrupts transportation, decreases number of young workers, can use food as a political weapon
37
Q

What made the famine in the Sahel region of Africa worse? Think climate, population, management of forests and land, politics… (5)

A
  • drought —> crop failure
  • global warming, heavy rains, extreme heat wave, dry conditions (bad for crop!)
  • population growth
  • overgrazing, deforestation, poor land management
  • political instability and conflicts
38
Q

What are some financial solutions to food insecurity? (3) one of them is financial, other two are about crops and th intention/type of crops grown

A
  • micro finance
  • grow crops for human consumption, not for companies
  • grow food crops instead of cotton, non-food
39
Q

How is crop substitution effect in managing food insecurity? What can it do?

A

Crops require less water and less vulnerable to droughts

40
Q

How can we raise farm productivity? Think about resources for female farmers, fertilizer, technology

A
  • better resources for female farmers
  • use of seeds and fertilizer for more output
  • use more technology and machinery
41
Q

Does expanding irrigation improve crop yields?

A

Yes

42
Q

What can governments do to assist in alleviating the food insecurity?

A
  • food aid - bad for long term dev,
  • free trade - THREATENS LOCAL FOOD PRODUCERS but beneficial for country’s GDP
  • Fair trade - stable, pays workers enough not to exploit them
  • planning to improve quality of life and women education. Encourage diversification of crops
  • population control
  • peace (since instability and conflict disrupt transportation and distribution networks)
43
Q

What are genetically modified foods (GMOs) and how do they help with alleviating food insecurity?
What are qualities of GMOs that make them attractive? (Taste, resistant to…, shelf life, growth rate)

A
  • DNA altered by genetic engineering techniques
  • nutritious and tastier, disease & drought resistant, longer shelf life, faster growth rate
44
Q

What is vertical farming nd how is it good for urban food production?

A

Vertical farming is when farms are artificially created in tall buildings with crops on each level.
- less land area required

45
Q

What are pros for vertical farming (how does it protect the food and ensure consistent food source, does it reduce costs, where?)?

A
  • reduces food miles, transportation cost
  • protect from harmful weather
  • less need for pesticides, herbicides, runoff
46
Q

What is in vitro meat?

A

Meat produced outside animals using tissue engineering. Does not require killing animals to get unlimited meat

47
Q

What are the pros of using in vitro meat? (Think about the future, what can you add to it, how does it compare with traditional meat in terms of safety and rawness, damage to environment)

A

0 future unlimited supply of meat at lower cost (future)
- enhancable, can add vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids
- less bacteria and diseases
- less damaging to environment and animal welfare

48
Q

What type of healthcare is this (curative or preventative):

  1. Treatment for diseases with resources such as hospitals, medicine, doctors, surgery
  2. Adopting policies and lifestyles that will reduce the risk of diseases
A
  1. Curative
  2. Preventative
49
Q

How did they deal with SARS in 2004? What were some consequences on East-Asian people?

A
  • isolation and quarantine
  • community wide containment
    -emergency travel advisory
  • media —> affected public perception. A bit of racism and xenophobia

Geography 12 (13 decks)

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