Optics: Retinal Imaging

Question 1

Small pupils are impacted by what effects?

Answer 1

Diffraction effects

Question 2

Large pupils are impacted by what effects?

Answer 2

Aberrations

Question 3

Does light scattering impact imaging?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

The resolution of the fundus camera is limited by ____________

Answer 4

The optics of the human eye

Question 5

What are the 3 major conventional Retinal Imaging Tools?

Answer 5

1. Fundus Camera
2. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO)
3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Question 6

Conventional imaging tools improved _______ resolution but not the ___________ resolution

Answer 6

Axial resolution but not the transverse resolution

Question 7

Adaptive optics try to move/correct MTF as close as possible to ____________ MTF

Answer 7

Diffraction limited MTF

Question 8

Do stars twinkle?

Answer 8

Not a chance per Dr. Martin

Question 9

Adaptive optics system consists of two main optical components:

Answer 9

1. Wavefront sensor
2. Correcting element

Question 10

Wavefront sensor detects ______________

Answer 10

The shape of the wavefront generated by the eyes optics

Question 11

Correcting element dynamically compensates for _____________

Answer 11

Aberrations in the wavefront

Question 12

What provided the ability to visualize cone photoreceptors in vivo?

Answer 12

Adaptive optics

Question 13

By combining Adaptive Optics with selective bleaching technique were able to deduce what?

Answer 13

Spectral identity of individual cones in retinal images

Question 14

Are relative numbers of L and M cones constant from eye to eye?

Answer 14

No, varies greatly from eye to eye

Question 15

How is the proportion of S-cones from eye to eye?

Answer 15

Relatively constant, 3.9-6.6% of the total number of cones

Question 16

L and M cones are _________ arranged

Answer 16

Randomly

Question 17

The reflectance of individual cones is a _________ property of the mosaic

Answer 17

Dynamic

Question 18

What causes the variation in reflectance properties of individual cone photoreceptors?

Answer 18

Disc shedding in receptors

Question 19

Cones that are unhealthy may exhibit __________ rates of disc shedding

Answer 19

Abnormal

Question 20

How is the intensity of cone photoreceptors impacted as eccentricity of the illumination beam in the pupil increases?

Answer 20

Intensity decreases

Question 21

How will a loss of cones impact color vision and visual acuity?

Answer 21

Loss of cones will impact color vision BUT will NOT impact Visual acuity

Question 22

Achromatopsia

Answer 22

Complete loss of cone function and color perception

Question 23

Adaptive Optics Optical System has two important components

Answer 23

1. Wavefront sensor or aberrometer
2. Adaptive Corrector or Deformable Mirror

Question 24

Integration of SLO with adaptive optics system enabled ______________

Answer 24

Real time high-resolution images of the retina

Question 25

AO SLO greatly improved the axial resolution to ________ microns

Answer 25

100

Question 26

With AO SLO, cells as small as ______ microns can be visualized

Answer 26

3

Question 27

AO SLO can be used to view what 8 aspects?

Answer 27

1. Retinal Vasculature 2. Blood flow tracking 3. Capillary Map 4. Arterioles 5. Axial Sectioning 6. Diabetic Retinopathy follow ups 7. Ganglion cells 8. RPE

Question 28

AO combined with Fluorescein angiography allows imaging of what structures?

Answer 28

Retinal capillary bed

Question 29

Adaptive optics is an especially important tool when viewing/studying the ___________________ and __________________

Answer 29

Photoreceptors and retinal vasculature

Question 30

Quantitative measurements of vascular parameters helps to improve medicine in what way?

Answer 30

Monitoring disease progression

Question 31

Adaptive Optics can help view the integrity of retinal vasculature in regards to _________ and __________

Answer 31

Blood flow and vascular wall structure

Question 32

Adaptive optics retinal imaging helps provide earlier __________ and improved _________ of retinal diseases

Answer 32

Earlier detection and improved diagnosis

Question 33

From the center to the periphery of the retina, how does rod photoreceptor size change?

Answer 33

Increases at the periphery

Question 34

The retinal image is conveyed to the brain through an array of _________ or more parallel ganglion cell pathways

Answer 34

17 or more

Question 35

In glaucoma, blindness can result from the death of ___________ cells

Answer 35

Ganglion

Question 36

RPE cell damage is implicated in many retinal degenerative diseases such as:

Answer 36

Age-related macular degeneration Retinitis Pigmentosa Stargardt's disease

Question 37

Bright regions in RPE mosaic corresponds to areas where _________ has accumulated within the RPE cells

Answer 37

Lipofuscin

Question 38

Dark regions in RPE mosaic corresponds to the _________ of RPE cells

Answer 38

Nuclei

Question 39

Adaptive Optics OCT can prove useful in diagnosis and monitoring what 4 medical issues/areas?

Answer 39

AMD Glaucoma Diabetic Retinopathy Stem cell Treatment of Degenerative Disorders of the Retina