Med Phys: Male Reproduction And Non Preggo Flashcards
1
Q
SRY is active in male fetuses and induces _________________
A
Testis differentiation
2
Q
SOX9 is active in Male fetuses and activates the expression of _______________
A
AMH/MIF
3
Q
AMH/MIF is active in Male fetuses and induces the regression of ____________
A
Mullerian ducts
4
Q
DAX1 is active in Female fetuses and inhibits ________ and ________
A
SRY and SOX9
5
Q
WNT4 is active in Female fetuses and is the antagonism of ____________
A
Testosterone
6
Q
23 XY
A
male
7
Q
23 XX
A
female
8
Q
What is DHT responsible for in Males?
A
External male development
9
Q
Testes cells
A
sertoli cells and leydig cells
10
Q
Leydig cells secrete what?
A
testosterone
11
Q
Wolffian ducts develop into
A
Internal male genitalia
12
Q
Testosterone and Wolffian ducts contribute to the formation of _________________
A
Internal male genitalia
13
Q
What converts testosterone to DHT?
A
5a-reductase
14
Q
What does DHT cause in males?
A
Formation of external male genitalia.
15
Q
Most potent form of testosterone
A
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
16
Q
What is responsible for Growth spurt, Pubic, axillary and facial hair, as well as increase in penis size/length?
A
Testosterone
17
Q
Sertoli cells secrete ___________
A
MIF/AMH
18
Q
What is the function of MIF/AMH?
A
Inhibit formation of Müllerian ducts
19
Q
Müllerian ducts are present in ____________
A
Females
20
Q
What is responsible for the formation of external female genitalia and breast development in females?
A
Estrogen from the ovaries
21
Q
The Müllerian ducts are responsible for the formation of ______________________
A
Internal female genitalia
22
Q
What causes pubic and axillary hair growth in females?
A
Testosterone
23
Q
Granulosa cells convert androgens into _____________
A
estrogen
24
Q
Sertoli cells secrete __________
A
anti-mullerian hormone/MIF
25
Leydig cells secrete __________
androgens (testosterone)
26
How do androgens circulate in females?
Bound to plasma proteins
27
What stops female internal genitalia from developing?
AMH/MIF
28
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation
SEVEn UP: Seminiferous tubules - Epididymis - Vas deferens - Ejaculatory duct - Urethra - Penis
29
Primary sex organ in Males
testes
30
Testes produce _________ and ____________
sperm and testosterone
31
Male sex cells
sperm
32
Male sex hormone
testosterone
33
Sac that holds the testes is called the _______
scrotum
34
Seminiferous tubules are filled with spermatogenic cells that produce ____________
Sperm cells
35
What cells produce testosterone?
Leydig cells
36
What stimulates Sertoli cells?
FSH
37
What cells produce inhibin?
Sertoli cells
38
What stimulates Leydig cells?
LH
39
Leydig cells secrete testosterone in the presence of _______
LH
40
LH is required for normal synthesis of ___________
Androgens
41
What are required for normal spermatogenesis?
FSH and Testosterone
42
3 parts of a sperm cell
head, midpiece, tail
43
The head of the sperm functions in what way?
Helps sperm to penetrate ovum
44
What is the Acrosome?
The enzyme-containing cap-like structure on the head of a sperm.
45
Midpiece of sperm contains?
mitochondria to form ATP
46
Tail of the sperm functions in what way?
Flagellum that propels sperm forward
47
Where are maturing sperm held until ejaculation?
Epididymis
48
Semen sperm count
40 to 250 million/mL
49
Epididymis sits on top of each _________
Testis
50
Epididymis receives spermatids from __________
Seminiferous tubules
51
What carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
vas deferens
52
Seminal vesicles function
produce semen which drains into vas deferens
53
Seminal vesicle secretes prostaglandins which do what?
Stimulate muscular contractions in female to propel sperm forward
54
Prostate gland surrounds the __________
urethra
55
Prostate gland produces and secretes a fluid into the urethra just before ejaculation which does what?
Protects sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina
56
Temperature in the scrotum
1º below body temperature
57
Reproductive hormones and Sex steroid in males are produced from ________
Cholesterol
58
Testosterone is converted in peripheral tissues to __________ and ___________
Estradiol and androstenedione
59
Major source of estradiol in men?
Androstenedione
60
Hypothalamus releases
GnRH
61
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release _______ and ______
FSH and LH
62
LH stimulates ______ to produce _______
leydig cells to produce testosterone
63
How does testosterone impact sperm cells
Causes development of
64
How does testosterone impact secondary sex characteristics
Causes development of
65
Forms of Androgens
Testosterone, DHT, Androstenedione
66
Potency of androgens
DHT > testosterone > androstenedione
67
Testosterone is converted to DHT by ____________
*5 alpha reductase* which is inhibited by finasteride
68
S2, S3, S4 keeps the ________ off the floor
Penis
69
Point, Squeeze, Shoot
parasympathetics: erection (S2-S4)
sympathetics: emission (hypogastric nerve)
somatic: ejaculation (pudendal nerve)
70
NO increases _________ resulting in smooth muscle relaxation
CGMP
71
NO leads to __________dilation
Vasodilation
72
Is NO proerectile?
Yes
73
PDE-5 inhibitors result in __________ breakdown
cGMP
74
Is NE antierectile?
Yes
75
Perineal muscles contract to increase motility of uterus and fallopian tubes to aid in ______________
Sperm finding egg
76
Is resolution time in Men longer or shorter than in women?
Longer
77
Fertilization takes place in the
ampulla of fallopian tube
78
Primary sex organ in females
ovaries
79
Ovaries produce ________ and _________
Sex cells and female hormones
80
Female hormones
estrogen and progesterone
81
How many oogonia are present at birth?
2 million
82
How many oocytes are present at beginning of puberty
0.5 million
83
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what happens?
It sheds with menses
84
Ovarian cycle consists of:
follicular phase and luteal phase
85
Uterine/endometrial cycle contains _______ phases
3
86
Luteal phase lasts
14 days
87
What occurs after luteal phase?
Menstruation
88
FSH grows the follicle which causes the release of estrogens and proliferates the _____________
Uterus
89
Estrogen stimulates _________ proliferation
Endometrial
90
Progesterone maintains endometrium to support __________
Implantation
91
Ovulation occurs ________ days to the next cycle
14 days
92
How will decrease progesterone impact fertility?
Decrease fertility
93
2nd half of menstrual cycle is always _______ days
14
94
Ovulation is caused by a sudden release of ________
LH
95
Estrogen normally inhibits _________ release but how is this changed during midcycle?
LH
96
LH release is stimulated which results in LH surge and ovulation
97
If a cycle lasted 36 days, how long was each half of the cycle?
First half - 22 days
## Footnote
2nd half - 14 days
98
Two phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase and luteal phase
99
Development of follicles occurs in what phase of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase
100
Formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum occurs in what phase of the ovarian cycle?
Luteal phase
101
What marks the beginning of new cycle?
Menstruation
102
If no pregnancy occurs from previous cycle, what happens to the corpus luteum?
Degenerates
103
What hormone levels drop due to loss of corpus luteum?
Progesterone and estrogen
104
During menstruation, drop in estrogen and progesterone removes negative feedback on __________, _________, and __________
GnRH, LH, FSH
105
FSH and LH levels increase in response to ________
GnRH
106
FSH causes the development of _________ and secretion of __________
Follicles and secretion of estrogen
107
Positive feedback on high estrogen causes __________ spike which leads to __________
LH spike which leads to ovulation
108
What causes ovulation?
LH surge
109
Follicle will rupture and release ovum about __________ hours after LH spike
24 hours
110
When the follicle becomes the corpus luteum, what is secreted?
Progesterone
111
How does progesterone impact GnRH and LH/FSH levels?
Slows GnRH pulses and LH/FSH levels fall
112
Corpus luteum will become ___________ if no fertilization occurs
corpus albicans
113
3 phases of uterine cycle
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
114
In menstruation, old endometrial lining is shed due to ________________
Decreased progesterone and estrogen levels
115
In the proliferation stage of uterine cycle, what occurs?
Endometrium gets 6x thicker
116
In the secretory phase of uterine cycle, what hormone levels drop due rises? And what occurs?
High progesterone
## Footnote
Endometrium increases in gland density
117
What is used to prepare the endometrium for implantation?
Progesterone
118
What cells produce estrogen?
granulosa cells
119
Aromatase converts ________ into _________
androgens into estrogens
120
Thecal cells synthesize what?
Androgens
121
Estrogen increases growth and development of what secondary sex organs?
Breasts
122
How does estrogen impact skeletal tissue?
Increased growth and early epiphyseal closure
123
How does estrogen impact skin?
Increased vascularity, thickness and softness
124
How does estrogen impact metabolism, fat and protein?
Increased fat deposition
## Footnote
Increased BMR
125
How does progesterone impact the uterus?
Decreases frequency of contractions to prepare uterus for implantation
126
_______ in basal body temperature is induced by progesterone
Rise
127
How is basal body temperature impacted during the menstrual cycle?
Rises about 1º
128
During the early follicular phase, estrogen and progesterone exert __________ feedback regulation of LH and FSH secretion
Negative
129
When does the switch from negative to positive feedback of estrogen and progesterone on LH and FSH secretion occur?
Mid-follicular phase
130
Oral contraceptives: estrogen-progesterone suppresses _________ and supports what?
Suppresses ovulation and supports secondary sex organs
131
Morning after pill is a high dose __________ treatment
Estrogen
132
Precocious Puberty
Appearance of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 in females and 9 in males
133
Delayed puberty
Absence of secondary sex characteristics by age 13 in females and 14 in males
134
Menopause average age onset
51
135
Premature menopause would be?
<40 years old
136
Estrogen loss at menopause permits _________ in bone density
Decline
137
Osteoporosis begins earlier in women who enter menopause with ___________ bone density
Low or low normal
138
Oocyte aging can cause an increased incidence of?
Down Syndrome, Klinfelter syndrome, Spontaneous abortion
139
Hallmark sign of PCOS is what?
Insulin resistance - elevated insulin triggers the ovaries to produce excess androgens
140
What is PCOS
polycystic ovarian syndrome
