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Med Phys:pancreas And Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it so important to maintain a constant blood glucose concentration?

A

Glucose is the only nutrient that normally can be used by the brain, retina and germinal epithelium of the gonads in sufficient quantities to supply them optimally with their required energy.

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2
Q

Short term regulation of blood glucose level is mainly maintained by what hormones?

A

Insulin and Glucagon.

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3
Q

What controls levels of insulin and glucagon release?

A

Blood glucose level.

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4
Q

When blood glucose level rises, beta cells in the pancreas releases _________ into the blood.

A

Insulin.

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5
Q

When blood glucose levels drop, alpha cells in the pancreas release __________.

A

Glucagon.

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6
Q

The pancreas is formed of 2 different parts:

A

Exocrine part (acinar cells) and Endocrine part (islets of langerhans).

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7
Q

What part forms the majority of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine part.

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8
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes

A

Digestive enzymes.

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9
Q

Beta cells in the endocrine part of the pancreas secrete __________.

A

Insulin.

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10
Q

Alpha cells in the endocrine part of the pancreas secrete _________.

A

Glucagon.

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11
Q

How does somatostatin impact insulin and glucagon?

A

Inhibits insulin and glucagon.

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12
Q

Glucose enters into the pancreatic beta cells by _________.

A

GLUT2.

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13
Q

How does increased blood glucose impact insulin secretion?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion.

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14
Q

How does increased amino acids impact insulin secretion?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion.

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15
Q

How does increased blood free fatty acids impact insulin secretion?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion.

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16
Q

How does GIP affect the GI system?

A

Increases pancreatic insulin secretion.

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17
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation impact insulin secretion?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion.

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18
Q

How does fasting or low blood glucose impact insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits insulin secretion.

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19
Q

How does somatostatin impact insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits insulin secretion.

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20
Q

How does low potassium impact insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits insulin secretion.

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21
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation impact insulin secretion?

A

Inhibits insulin secretion.

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22
Q

Insulin binding increase GLUT4 receptors on the surface of insulin sensitive target cells in _______________ but not in _____________________

A

Muscles and adipose tissues. Not in brain, kidney and intestine.

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23
Q

Insulin facilitates uptake and utilization of glucose by ___________, ___________ and other tissues but not the brain, kidneys, intestine.

A

Muscles, adipose.

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24
Q

Insulin increases glucose storage as ____________ in the ________ and __________.

A

Increases glucose storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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25
Insulin increases amino acid __________.
Uptake.
26
How does insulin impact protein synthesis in the muscles?
Increases protein synthesis.
27
How does insulin impact fatty acid synthesis?
Promotes fatty acid synthesis.
28
How does insulin impact ketogenesis in the liver?
Decreases ketogenesis in the liver.
29
Insulin inhibits the breakdown of ____________ tissues.
Fat.
30
How does insulin impact glycogen synthesis in the liver?
Increases.
31
How does insulin impact gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Decreases.
32
How does insulin impact ketone production in liver?
Decreases.
33
The Brain depends on constant delivery of _______________ and ________________ by the blood.
Constant delivery of oxygen and glucose by the blood.
34
What area in the brain is insulin dependent?
Satiety center.
35
Glucose absorption in the intestine is _____________ dependent.
Insulin.
36
Does insulin impact renal glucose transport?
No.
37
After eating a meal, how do insulin and glucagon levels compare?
Insulin levels increase while glucagon levels decrease.
38
How are the following factors in the Blood affected after eating a meal: Glucose - Amino acids - Fatty acids - Keton bodies -
All 4 are decreased.
39
When fasting, how do insulin and glucagon levels compare?
Glucagon levels increase while insulin levels decrease.
40
How are the following factors in the Blood affected after Fasting: Glucose - Amino acids - Fatty acids - Keton bodies -
All 4 increase.
41
How does low glucose impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
42
How does low fatty acids impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
43
How does increased amino acids impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
44
How does stress and exercise impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
45
How does Fasting and starvation impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
46
How does sympathetic innervation impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
47
How does cortisol impact glucagon secretion?
Stimulates.
48
How does Glucose impact glucagon secretion?
Inhibits.
49
How does Fatty acids and ketones impact glucagon secretion?
Inhibits.
50
How does Somatostatin impact glucagon secretion?
Inhibits.
51
How does insulin impact glucagon secretion?
Inhibits.
52
How does GABA impact glucagon secretion?
Inhibits.
53
A high _________ and low _________ meal would increase insulin and glucagon level equally. Allowing blood glucose to remain normal.
High Protein and low Carb.
54
Glucagon stimulates ___________ and _________ in the liver to maintain blood glucose.
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
55
Glucagon ____________s ketogenesis in the liver.
Stimulates.
56
Glucagon stimulates ____________ in adipose tissues.
Lipolysis.
57
Hypoglycemia leads to the __________ of insulin secretion.
Inhibition.
58
Hypoglycemia leads to the secretion of what 4 regulatory hormones that antagonize the action of insulin?
Glucagon, Adrenaline, Cortisol, Growth Hormone.
59
Can the brain use fatty acids for energy?
No.
60
Low blood glucose level can result in what 4 early warning symptoms?
Palpitations, Sweating, Tremor, Nervousness.
61
Insulin deficiency can lead to ___________.
Hyperglycemia.
62
Hyperglycemia symptoms
Dehydration, Polydipsia, Glucosuria, Polyuria.
63
Adrenal gland consists of:
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
64
Adrenal cortex secretes
Corticosteroids.
65
Adrenal medulla secretes
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
66
How is cortisol secreted? Pathway
In response to circadian rhythm and/or stress, Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) stimulates ACTH from anterior pituitary. ACTH stimulates synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids (Cortisol).
67
Cortisol has negative feedback on the ___________ and the ____________.
Hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary glands.
68
How is cortisol excreted?
Urine and stool.
69
Cortisol is very essential for life. Why?
Stress hormone. Responds as a resistance to stress.
70
How does cortisol impact gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in the liver?
Stimulates.
71
Cortisol has an anti- ________ effect.
Anti-insulin.
72
High levels of cortisol can result in _________ and ____________.
Hyperglycemia and adrenal diabetes.
73
How does cortisol impact protein synthesis?
Decrease protein synthesis.
74
How does cortisol impact lipolysis and utilization of FFAs for energy?
Increases.
75
Cortisol increases the formation of ___________ in the liver.
Ketone bodies.
76
How does cortisol impact RBCs and hemoglobin?
Increases.
77
How does cortisol impact neutrophils and platelet counts?
Increases.
78
How does cortisol impact lymphocytes and their function?
Decreases lymphocytes and their function.
79
How does cortisol impact basophil and eosinophil counts?
Decreases.
80
How does High levels of cortisol impact IL-2 and inflammatory response?
Inhibits IL-2 production and production of T-cells and lowers immune response.
81
Cortisol inhibits ________ and ________ release from mast cells and platelets.
Histamine and serotonin.
82
How does cortisol impact inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins?
Decreases.
83
Abnormal EEG and personality changes can occur with a cortisol ___________.
Excess and deficiency.
84
Cortisol shows a weak retention of ________ and excretion of ________, called a ____________ effect.
Weak retention of Na+ and excretion of K+ called a Mineralocorticoid effect.
85
How does cortisol impact lung maturation and surfactant secretion during fetal life?
Accelerates both during fetal life.
86
How does cortisol impact GI tract, CNS, Retina and Skin during fetal life?
Accelerates maturation.
87
What 5 ways are corticosteroids clinically used?
1. Anti-inflammatory, 2. Anti-allergic, 3. Immunosuppressive, 4. Replacement therapy, 5. Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome.
88
Effects of excess cortisol
Truncal obesity, Purple striae, Bruises, Poor wound healing, Poor muscle development, Moon Face.
89
Cushing's syndrome is caused by
Excess secretion of glucocorticoids.
90
What 3 ways can lead to cortisol overproduction and cause Cushing's syndrome?
1. Excessive use of glucocorticoids in treating chronic diseases, 2. Primary overproduction of cortisol, 3. Secondary overproduction of cortisol due to excess ACTH.
91
Adrenal hyperplasia
Excessive growth of the adrenal gland.
92
Adrenal hyperplasia secondary to excess ACTH from anterior pituitary tumor is ____________ disease.
Cushing's disease.
93
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease.
94
What is Addison's disease?
Under secretion of the adrenal hormones.
95
What can cause Addison's disease?
Autoimmune disease, Tumors, Hemorrhage, Following TB, Chronic fungal or viral infections.
96
Inadequate secretion of ACTH from the pituitary represents a ________________ ___________ insufficiency.
Secondary adrenal.
97
Low ACTH after prolonged improper use of glucocorticoids represents a ______________ _____________ insufficiency.
Secondary Adrenal.
98
ACTH
Stimulates the adrenal cortex.
99
ACTH levels in Addison's disease
Increased.
100
Cortisol and aldosterone levels in Addison's Disease
Low.
101
What's a key sign in Addison's Disease?
Hyper-pigmentation of the skin.
102
Symptoms of Addison's disease
HYPERPIGMENTATION, weight loss, muscle weakness, low bp, hypoglycemia.
103
In a primary adrenal insufficiency, how are ACTH levels and Pigmentation?
Increased.
104
How are GH and Gonadotropin levels with a primary adrenal insufficiency?
Not changed.
105
How are levels of Aldosterone and Androgens with a primary adrenal insufficiency?
Deficient.
106
How is cortisol level with a primary adrenal insufficiency?
Decreased markedly.
107
In a secondary adrenal insufficiency, how are ACTH levels and Pigmentation?
Decreased.
108
How are GH and Gonadotropin levels with a secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Decreased.
109
How are levels of Aldosterone and Androgens with a secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Normal, Variable.
110
How is cortisol level with a secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Moderately reduced.
111
What response is shown to exogenous ACTH with a primary adrenal insufficiency?
No response.
112
What response is shown to exogenous ACTH with a secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Sluggish response.

Block 8 (33 decks)

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