Neuro: Sleep And Conscious State Flashcards
Does sleep represent a loss of consciousness?
No
What are the two systems required for consciousness?
Reticular Activating System
Thalamo-Cortical-Thalamic Loops
Damage to any level of the Reticular Activating system would result in what?
A loss of consciousness
Damage to Thalamo-Cortical-Thalamic Loops system would result in what?
A loss of consciousness
Where is the hypocretin/orexin system located?
Lateral hypothalamus
Dysfunction with the hypocretin/orexin system will result in what?
Narcolepsy - sudden and rapid transition from wake state into sleep
Where is the histaminergic system located?
Posterior hypothalamus
Dysfunction of the histaminergic system results in what?
Drowsiness or lapse into sleep
Basal forebrain cholinergic systems send projections to __________ and ___________
Hippocampus and cortex
Noradrenergic (norepinephrine) system send projections throughout the __________ and promote __________
Cortex and Limbic regions
Promote arousal/alertness
Serotonergic systems send projections throughout the ___________ and promote _____________
Cortex and Limbic regions
Promote arousal/alertness
Beta waves (EEG) represent what state?
Wake state, eyes open and active
Alpha waves (EEG) represent what state?
Wake state, eyes closed, relaxed
Theta waves (EEG) represent what state?
Drowsy/sleepy
Delta waves (EEG) represent what state?
Sleeping
Does EEG activity flatline during sleep?
No
What EEG waves are associated with REM sleep?
Beta-like
Dreaming and other cognitive/emotional activity is associated with what stage of sleep?
REM stage
Memory consolidation during sleep occurs during __________ rhythm periods
Theta
Sleep onset involves the gradual reduction in ________ activity
RAS
Low RAS activity permits the __________ stage of sleep to begin
Non-REM
How does RAS activity change during REM sleep?
RAS activity increases
Circadian rhythms are controlled by the _____________ nucleus
Suprachiasmatic
How can activity, stress and anxiety impact sleep onset?
Delay it
Sleep onset requires what to occur with the RAS?
RAS activity must be reduced
How must the arousal/alertness systems be altered for sleep onset?
Reduction in activity of these systems must occur
(hypocretin/orexin system, histamine system, cholinergic systems, noradrenergic systems, serotonergic systems)
Impairment in hypocretin/orexin system leads to __________
Narcolepsy
When does pineal gland release melatonin?
At night, during darkness
RAS and Arousal/Alertness systems are inhibited by _______________ neurons in the ________ area
GABA neurons in Preoptic area
VLPO
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
VLPO sends Gabaergic projections to nuclei of ___________ systems and to the pontine cholinergic neurons of _________
Arousal systems
RAS
What do REM-on neurons do during REM sleep and dreaming? Why do they do this?
REM-on neurons initiate suppression of lower motor neurons to suppress limb movement during REM and dreaming
This is done to prevent sleep-walking
Are lower motor neurons of the Oculomotor system suppressed during REM sleep? What does this cause?
No they are not suppressed, this leads to rapid eye movements
Circuitry: REM-on neurons project to _______ and activate __________ neurons
Medulla and activate glycine neurons
Circuitry continued: glycine neurons that are activated project to _________ in spinal cord and inhibit the __________
LMNs in spinal cord and inhibit the LMNs
Current medical treatment of insomnia
Various GABAa receptors agonists
Can anti-histamines and anti-anxiety Rx impact sleep, and be used for insomnia even if that is not the intended impact of the drugs?
Yes
How do GABAa prescriptions impact sleep architecture?
Does not allow normal sleep architecture cycling pattern
What is status epilepticus?
Unusual seizure lasting until medical intervention
EEG activity with Brain death
No EEG activity is shown
What EEG waves are seen during a Coma?
Delta or gamma
What EEG waves are associated with Vegetative state?
Sleep stage cycling is shown
How does an EEG appear when a person has Locked-In Syndrome
Normal
With Locked-in syndrome, how will the patient appear?
Unconscious but is actually fully conscious
How are Cranial nerves impacted with Locked-In Syndrome?
CN 3/4 would appear ok, which corresponds with why patients can complete vertical eye movements to communicate.
CN 6 and below are all impaired
Catatonic is a form of schizophrenia in which what happens?
a form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not move
Catatonic EEG waves
Appear as wake state EEG waves
