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Year 2 Divs > Opthamology > Flashcards

Opthamology Flashcards

1
Q

↑ resistance in the trabecular meshwork

↑ intraocular pressure

Black person

Diagnosis?

A

Open Angle Glaucoma

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2
Q

Normal intraocular pressure

A

10-21 mm Hg

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3
Q

In Open Angle Glaucoma, what happens to optic disk

A

Cupping

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4
Q

In Open Angle Glaucoma, what area of vision is affected first.

And what is Gold standard way to measure IOP?

A

Peripheral

Goldmann applanation tonometry

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5
Q

First line Open Angle Glaucoma treatment

A

Latanoprost

(prostaglandin analogue drops)

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6
Q

3 top side effects of Lanaoprost?

A
  1. Eyellash growth
  2. Eyelid pigmentation
  3. Iris prigmentation
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7
Q

Other treatments for Open Angle Glaucoma?

A

B-Blockers (TIMAL)
Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor Drops
Sympathomimetic drops

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8
Q

Surgical option for Open Angle Glaucoma?

A

Trabeculectomy

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9
Q

Iris pressed forward blocking aques humour outflow,

↑ IOP

South East Asian Female

Family history of disease

Diagnosis?

A

Acute Angle Close Glaucoma

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10
Q

Types of medication that can cause Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma (3)

A

Adrenergic Medication
Anticholinergic Medication
Tricyclic Antidepressants

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11
Q

Buzzword in Stem for CLOSED Glaucoma

A

Halos around lights

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12
Q

CLOSED GLAUCOMA

  1. Size of pupil

and

  1. appearance of Cornea
A

Fixed and dilated

Hazy

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13
Q

Whilst waiting for ambulance CLOSED GLAUCOMA (3)

A

Supine without pillow
Pilocarpine (2% blue eyes/ 4% brown eyes)
Oral medication Acetazolamide

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14
Q

Definitive treatment Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Laser Iridotomy

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15
Q

abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) and their leakage, leading to rapid vision loss. Which disease?

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Proliferative Diabetic Retinaopthy

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16
Q

2 key features of Wet ARMD?

A

New Vessel Formation and Oedema

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17
Q

1 key feature of Dry ARMD

A

yellow deposits (Drusen)

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18
Q

Area of vision first affected in both types ARMD?

Which is more sudden, dry or wet ARMD?

A

Central vision loss

Wet ARMD, sudden and severe

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19
Q

Home Test for both types of ARMD VISION LOSS?

A

Amsler Grid

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20
Q

Clinical DIAGNOSTIC Test for both types of ARMD VISION LOSS?

A

Optical Coherence Tomography

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21
Q

Primary treatment for wet and dry ARMD

A

Wet ARMD= Monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections

Dry ARMD= nutritional supplements

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22
Q

3 key features of Diabetic Retinopathy

A
  1. Neovascularisation
  2. Microaneurysms
  3. Hard exudates
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23
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy Treatments (2)

A

Laser Photocoagulation

Intravitreal Anti VEGF Injections

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24
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy
which 3 key buzzwords?

A

Flame Haemorrhages

Arteriovenous (A/V) Nicking

silver wiring

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25
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy classification

A

Keith-Wagener Classification

Stage 4- = Stage 3 + papilledema

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26
Q

What is absent in cataracts

A

Absent Red (fundus) Reflex

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27
Q

Appearance of Lights in Cataracts

A

'’Starbursts around lights’’

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28
Q

Treatment if needed for Catarats

A

Surgical replacement with artificial lense

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29
Q

Serious complication of cataract treatment

A

Endophthalmitis (infection inside the eye)

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30
Q

Horner’s syndrome - 3 buzzwords

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis

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31
Q

Congenital Horner syndrome is associated with what?

A

heterochromia (a difference in iris colour on the affected side).

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32
Q

Holmes-Adie syndrome (2 buzzwords)

A

slow or absent reaction to light

Absent Reflexes (knee ankle)

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33
Q

Argyll-Robertson Pupil
(2 buzzwords)

A

Light-Near Dissociation

Neurosyphilis

34
Q

Which disease and which gland dysfunction?

A

Blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelid margins.

Meibomian glands dysfunction

35
Q

Which disease and which glands affected?

A

chalazion

glands of Zeis/ Moll

36
Q

Which disease and which gland affected? PAINLESS

A

Chalazion/ Meibomian cyst

Meibomian Gland

37
Q

Which disease and eyelid movement?

A

Entropian eye

Inward Turning

38
Q

Which disease and eyelid movement

A

ectropion

Outward turning

39
Q

Which disease?

A

Trichiasis , inward growth of the eyelashes

40
Q

Which disease, how to differentiate from more severe orbital cellulitis?

A

periorbital cellulitis

Preseptal Inflammation, not extending past the orbital septum, differentiating it from the more severe orbital cellulitis.

41
Q

Which disease, and 1 key buzzword

and what is treatment

A

anterior uveitis, indicating the part of the uvea affected.

Cycloplegics - cyclopentolate or atropine eye drops

42
Q

Which disease

Which drops can be used to help differentiate this pathology with scleritis

A

Episcleritis

phenylephrine eye drops helps differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis

(phenylephrine does not cause blanching of the eye in scleritis as the vessels are too deep)

43
Q

Which disease, and which 2 associated systemic diseases

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Vasculitis, particularly granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)

44
Q

Which disease,

A XXX stain can be applied to the eye to help diagnose this disease.

This is a yellow-orange colour and collects in abrasions or ulcers, highlighting them, particularly when viewed under YYY light.

What is XXX and YYY.

What is the least viscous eye drops?

A

Corneal Abbrasion

XXX= Fluorescein stain

YYY= Blue Cobalt light

Eye drops= hypermelose

45
Q

Which disease?

Which infection?

Key feature?

Treatment?

A

herpes simplex keratitis

HSV

dendritic corneal ulcer

Anti-viral eg aciclovir

46
Q

Which disease? Main cause?

A

Subconjunctival Haemorrhage

Idiopathic

Patient may have underlying health issues ie hypertension

47
Q

Which disease?

What can it lead to?

A

Posterior vitreous detachment

Can lead to retinal detachment

48
Q

Disease?

2 Key buzzwords

3 treatment options

A

Rhegmatogenous: This is the most common type of retinal detachment

Buzzwords:

  1. Curtain
  2. Photopsia

3 treatment options: Pneumatic Retinopexy, Scleral Buckle, Vitrectomy:

49
Q

WHICH DISEASE

what is worse, BRVO or CRVO

What causes decreased fine vision?

3 treatment options

A

Disease= CRVO

key buzzwords= Blood and thunder

CRVO = MORE SEVERE

BRVO =LESS SEVERE

Macular Edema

Ischemic vs. Non-Ischemic

  1. Anti-VEGF therapies (e.g., ranibizumab and aflibercept)
  2. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (to treat macular oedema)
  3. Laser photocoagulation (to treat new vessels)
50
Q

Which disease?

Key finding on fundoscopy?

Describe what feeling/happens to patient

3 key causes

A

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

Cherry-Red Spot:

Unilateral paninless, Sudden Vision Loss: ‘’ curtain falling over the eye’’

Common cause= embolism/ atherosclerosis/ giant cell arteritis,

51
Q

Which disease?

What degenerates more leading to what?

What buzzword

A

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

Rods degenerate quicker than cones

Night vision loss

bone-spicule pigmentation

52
Q

Vitreous Hemorrhage , key buzzwords (1)

A

Reddish or Dark Vision (Tint)

53
Q

optic neuritis, 5 key buzzwords

A

**Central Scotoma
**
Pain on eye movement

Unilateral Visual loss (often sudden)

RAPD - (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)

Colour issues

54
Q

LR6 SO4 (AO3)

A

Lateral rectus muscle (nerve 6) side to side aBduction

Superior oblique muscle (nerve 4) look down

55
Q

Pituitary adenoma, 3 buzzwords

A

Visual Field Defects (bitemporal hemianopia)

Hormonal Imbalance

Headache

56
Q

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 3 buzzwords

A

Microaneurysms

Hard Exudates

Dot and Blot Hemorrhages

57
Q

proliferative diabetic retinopathy 3 buzzwords

A

Neovascularization:

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Fibrovascular Proliferation:

58
Q

viral keratitis, 3 buzzwords

A

Dendritic Ulcers

herpes simplex virus keratitis.

Decreased Corneal Sensation:
Photophobia

59
Q

Absence of fundal reflex adults (3)

A

Cataracts
vitreous hemorrhage
retinal detachment

60
Q

Absence of fundal reflex children (4)

A

Cataracts
vitreous hemorrhage
retinal detachment
Retinoblastoma

61
Q

Which disease

A

Retinoblastoma

62
Q

Which disease

A

Glaucoma

> Cup: Disc

63
Q

Which disease

A

DARMD (90% cases)

Note Drusens

64
Q

Which disease

A

WARMD (10%)

Acute presentation

65
Q

Which disease

A

Diabetic retinopathy

Cotton wool spots

66
Q

Which treatment for which disease

A

photocoagulation, PDR

67
Q

Which diease

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

Flame Haemorrhages

Arteriovenous (A/V) Nicking

silver wiring

68
Q

Which disease

A

Branch retinal vein occlusion

69
Q

Which disease

A

Branch retinal artery occlusion

Palour

Cherry red spot

70
Q

Which disease

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

Cherry red spot

Sudden painless loss of vision

Pale retina

71
Q

Which disease

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

Blood and thunder

72
Q

Which disease

A

Papilloedema

Blurred disk margins

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

73
Q

Disease (3)

A

Retinitis Pigmentosa

rods

Night blindness

74
Q

Eye opening

Which 2 muscles

Which nerve (s)

What muscle weakness linked to Horners?

A

levator (LPS) and Muller’s (Sympathetic Control)

Levator = 3rd nerve Occulamotor

Mullers weakness linked to= Horners

75
Q

Eye closing muscle and nerve

A

Eye closing = orbicularis oculi
7th nerve

76
Q

Which disease- and nerve innervation

A

Esotropia

6th Nerve

Abducens

77
Q

Which disease- and nerve innervation

A

Exotropia

3rd nerve

Occulamotor nerve

78
Q

Ptosis, down+ out eye, dilated pupil

Muscle+ nerve effected?

A

Exotropia, 3rd Nerve,

elevator palpebrae superioris

(diabetes)

79
Q

Vertical Diplopia, going down stairs, head tilt

Muscle+nerve

A

Superior Oblique Muscle

intorsion

4th Nerve-Trochlear

80
Q

Horizontal Diplopia, limited eye abduction

Nerve+ muscle

A

6th Nerve

Estropia?

Lateral Rectus Muscle

81
Q

Retinal detachment 3 buzzwords

A

Flashes

Floaters

sudden vision loss

82
Q

In audiogram

Gap= x

No gap = y

A

Gap= conductive

no gap= sensorineural

Year 2 Divs (12 decks)

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