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History > Opposition > Flashcards

Opposition Flashcards

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1
Q

How did AII face opposition from the peasants?

A

Peasant uprisings after the Crimean war

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2
Q

Who were the Populists (AII)?

A

Agrarian socialism - peasant commune + basics of a ‘good society’
= failed opposition as peasants not interested

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3
Q

Who were Land and Liberty (AII)?

A

Secret organisations, centrally run with ‘cells’ in various religions

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4
Q

Who were The People’s Will (AII)?

A

Terrorist organisation

- assassination of AII in 1881

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5
Q

What were the reasons for opposition under AII?

A
  • Failed reforms e.g. emancipation
  • Want for increased reform
  • No legal platform for opposition
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6
Q

Who were the SRs (AIII)?

A

Political group - included workers and an emphasis on peasants

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7
Q

Who were the SDs (AIII)?

A

1903 party split:

  • Mensheviks = slow approach to revolution and prepared to cooperate with socialists
  • Bolsheviks = speed up process of revolution and refused to cooperate with socialists
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8
Q

What opposition did AIII face?

A
  • Assassination attempts
  • SRs and SDs
  • Opposition remains illegal
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9
Q

What opposition did NII faced in 1905?

A

Bloody Sunday = workers opposition

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10
Q

When was opposition made legal?

A

1905 - October Manifesto + creation of Duma

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11
Q

What was the Lena Gold Fields?

A

1912 = massacre of workers

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12
Q

Why was there less opposition in 1914?

A

Beginning of the war = patriotism and unity

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13
Q

How does WWI increase opposition?

A
  • Generals beging to oppose NII
  • Population dissatisfied
  • Influence of Rasputin and Alexandria
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14
Q

Why was opposition successful during the abdication of NII in Feb 1917?

A

Opposition groups united and were not fragmented

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15
Q

Why did the PG face little opposition?

A

Political amnesty

BUT PG was not legitimate

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16
Q

Who was the PG biggest opposition?

A

The PS = rivalry + control of the army (dual authority)

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17
Q

What were the July Days?

A

1917: Kornilov
- Popular protest against the war
- Opposition to policies not the government

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18
Q

How was the October Revolution successful?

A

Overthrew the government

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19
Q

What internal opposition did Lenin face?

A
  • Within the party
  • Intelligentsia
  • Factions e.g. Platform of 46
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20
Q

What external opposition did Lenin face?

A
  • Non-party
  • Intelligenstia
  • Nationalist groups
  • Religions
  • Whites
  • Kronstadt sailors
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21
Q

What were the results of the November 1917 Constitute Assembly?

A

50% SRs 25% Bolsheviks

22
Q

Who was Fanny Kaplan?

A

An SR who tried to assassinate Lenin

23
Q

What happened as a result of the assassination attempt on Lenin?

A

Red Terror = foundation of terror

24
Q

How did Lenin face more opposition than any other leader?

A

Civil War

25
Q

What was the ban on factions?

A

1921:

No democracy in party - prevents internal opposition

26
Q

Who were the Left Opposition?

A

1923-27 = Trotsky and his supporters

27
Q

Who were the United Opposition?

A

1926: Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev

28
Q

Who did Stalin face opposition from?

A
  • Kulaks
  • Nationalists
  • Old Bolsheviks (e.g. Kirov murdered 1934)
  • General population
29
Q

How did Stalin deal with opposition?

A

Terror:

- Police state = most too scared to publicly announce opposition

30
Q

What internal opposition did Khrushchev face?

A

Military, party, bureaucracy = party opposed to reform

31
Q

What external opposition did Khrushchev face?

A

Hungarian uprising 1956

32
Q

How did illegality of opposition cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • opposition much more dangerous

- increased reactionary nature of the state

33
Q

How did Russification cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A

Opposition among the nationalities

34
Q

How did economic growth cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • M/C with political demands

- Urban poverty + discontent

35
Q

How did reforms to judiciary and zemstva cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • Opportunities for participation in politics for the m/c/intelligentsia
36
Q

How did education ad literacy cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • Spread of new ideas and criticism

- Access to ideas from the west

37
Q

How did the reluctance of the Tsars to reform cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • Little flexibility in government and a preference for repression
38
Q

How did the failure of reform cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

A
  • E.g. emancipation = peasant discontent
39
Q

How did the PG receive opposition from the peasants?

A

Defied the government + seized land

40
Q

How did the PG receive opposition from the Bolsheviks?

A

Rejected the PG + called for ‘All power to the Soviets’

41
Q

How did the PG receive opposition from the Nationalities?

A

Wanted autonomy

42
Q

How did the PG receive opposition from the workers?

A

Rioting in July

43
Q

How did the Communists economic policies create opposition?

A
  • War Communism = Kronstadt soldiers
  • Collectivisation = Kulaks
  • 5 year plans = accusations of wreaking and sabotage
44
Q

How was their opposition from Trotsky?

A
  • Opposed Lenin over Democratic Centralism
  • NEP
  • Stalin
45
Q

How was there socio-economic discontent under the communists?

A

e.g. Novocherkassk/riots

46
Q

How did ideology create opposition under the communists?

A
  • SRs - Fanny Kaplan
  • Whites - Tsarists
  • Capitalism - the West
47
Q

How was there opposition from religion under the communists?

A
  • Jews/Muslims
  • Christians
    = denied worship
48
Q

How was there opposition from the party under the communists?

A

Wanted continuity/secure jobs

49
Q

How was there opposition from the nationalities and satellite states under the communists?

A

Wanted autonomy

50
Q

Ho was their external/foreign opposition under the communists?

A
  • Civil War
  • WWII
  • Cold War
51
Q

How was there opposition in the form of deviance under the communists?

A
  • Counter-revolutinaries
  • Class enemies
    = did they actually exist?
52
Q

How was there opposition from intellectuals under the communists?

A
  • Osip Mandelstram
  • Alexander Solzhenitsyn
  • Shostakovich

History (37 decks)

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