Industry Flashcards

1
Q

When was Reutern finance minister?

A

1864-78

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2
Q

Under Reutern what were the foreign investments?

A

British - textiles, shops

German - finance

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3
Q

What developments in engineering were there under Reutern?

A

Textiles, banking and railways

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4
Q

Under Reutern what percentage of the population were employed in transport/industry and how much GNP did this produce?

A
  • 20% of the population

- 10% of GNP

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5
Q

By 1870 how much had exports increased?

A

60%

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6
Q

How many businesses were registered on the stock market in 1870s and 1880s?

A
1870s = 256
1880s = 350
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7
Q

What caused Reutern’s period to not be very successful?

A

European downturn in 1870s + harvest failures
- Population in industry still small
- Not much capital generated
= industrial growth not consistent/slow

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8
Q

When was Witte finance minister?

A

1892-1903

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9
Q

What was Witte’s main development?

A

Railways - Trans-Siberian Railway

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10
Q

How did Witte feel about Tsardom?

A

Wanted industrialisation to promote and strengthen the traditions of Russia

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11
Q

What type of industry did Witte favour?

A

Large scale:

- Stimulated steel and coal production

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12
Q

What were the figures for pig iron production in 1890 and 1900?

A
1890 = 56m puds
1900 = 179m puds
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13
Q

What did Witte’s industrialisation rely on?

A

Foreign loans

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14
Q

How did the State pay interest on loans under Witte?

A
  • Had to export grain at all times = even in famine
  • Increase taxation
  • Impose tariffs
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15
Q

What was the average growth rate under Witte?

A

8%

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16
Q

What did the Russian Association of Trade and Industry call for in 1906?

A

Greater state planning

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17
Q

What products were produced 1900-1914?

A

A diverse range:

- Cars, rubber, medical equipment etc

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18
Q

What was the population of St Petersburg in 1900 and 1914?

A

1900: 1m
1914: 2.25m

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19
Q

Between 1881-1897 what percentage of the population emigrated to the cities?

A

15%

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20
Q

By 1914 how did Russia compete with other states in industry?

A

It was the 4th largest producer of coal, pig iron and steel

21
Q

What was the industrial workforce population by 1914?

A

3m

22
Q

By 1914 what percentage of national income came from industry?

A

40%

23
Q

What prevented greater industrialisation from 1900-1914?

A

Poor technical education

24
Q

What did the 1917 decree issue to workers?

A

Workers control imposed on factories = appeased workers
- Vesenka took control of the economy
= output continued to decrease

25
Q

How did War Communism influence industry?

A

Included nationalism = state control of all industrial output

26
Q

What was industrial output like under WC?

A

1/5 of what it was in 1913

- munitions increased but all other industries declined

27
Q

What was WC driven by?

A

Ideology and the need to fight a war

28
Q

Why was NEP introduced?

A
  • solution to W/C
  • need for social and economic stability
  • kick start industrialisation
  • further security for the revolution
29
Q

How did NEP effect peasants and workers?

A
  • peasants could sell surplus for profit

- small enterprises could be privately owned

30
Q

Under NEP who controlled the commanding heights of industry?

A

The state

31
Q

What were the outcomes of NEP?

A
  • paved the way for industrialisation
  • revived economy but was unstable
  • 1927/28 grain harvest + scissors crisis
  • promoted equality
32
Q

What was the purpose of the FYP?

A
  • Establish a war economy
  • Create an industrialised state
  • Set quotas + targets
33
Q

How were the FYP an ideological success?

A

Successful propaganda exercise

- e.g the Stakhanov movement

34
Q

What were the outcomes of the 1st FYP?

A

Emphasis on quantity not quality:

  • no change to working conditions
  • consumer goods ignored
  • coal, iron and electricity increased
  • consumer goods ignored
35
Q

What were the outcomes of the 2nd and 3rd FYP?

A

Heavy industry grew

36
Q

How were the FYP put into practice?

A

By local officials

37
Q

What did economic planners become part of?

A

A privileged order comparable to that of the Tsars

38
Q

What were the coal and steel outputs in 1928 and 1837?

A

Coal: 35m tonnes + 128m tonnes
Steel: 4m tonnes + 17.7m tonnes (above plan)

39
Q

How were the changes by the NEP brought about?

A

Due to pressure from below - unlike Tsarist times

40
Q

What was Khrushchev’s take on industry?

A

7 Year Plans

- more focus on consumer goods

41
Q

How much more had Khrushchev’s USSR produced by 1960 compared to what Stalin envisaged?

A
  • 91m tonnes of steel (60m)
  • 609m tonnes of coal (500m)
  • 240m tonnes of oil (60m)
42
Q

How was growth in 1929 and 1950 similar?

A

The sheer scale had been repeated and this development was driven by the need for heavy defence spending

43
Q

How were the 1950s comparable with 1855-1914?

A

Parallel as Russia seemed to be backwards in comparison to the West, the contrast was in 1930s (due to comparing with a depressed capitalist world)
- repression seemed to be as backwards as the Tsars

44
Q

In terms of industry what was the difference between WWI and WWII?

A

The Soviet ability to sustain the war effort + the lack of major change of direction after the war
- WWII vindicated Stalin’s methods

45
Q

How is there some parallel between Khrushchev and Stalin?

A

Some similarity with Lenin’s economic concessions after 1921 but not as far reaching

46
Q

How was the position of 1962 similar to 1905 and 1917?

A

Economic development had failed to meet the needs of many people

47
Q

How was there a new level of spending under the USSR?

A
  • Nuclear weapons
  • Space race
    = drains in the economy BUT in many ways similar to the Tsar’s railways and naval building policies which rested heavily on peasant taxation
48
Q

What is the broad symmetry in the period?

A

NEP allowed a degree of economic freedom similar to the Free Trade era
- when recovery had been achieved much more radical policy of forced economic growth was put into effect