opioids neurotransmitter

Question 1

how does the nociception work

Answer 1

Inhibitory GPCRs, coupled with Gi/o as the 𝛂 subunit

Question 2

what are the Endogenous agonists

Answer 2

b-endorphin
enkaphalins
dynorphins

Question 3

explain b-endorphin

Answer 3

produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
- synthesized primarily in the pituitary gland
- in response to hypothalamus activation (stress, pain)
- involved in many CNS processes

Question 4

Could you please explain the enkaphalins

Answer 4

enkaphalins
- produced from proenkephalin
- synthesis is widespread (high in mesocorticolimbic areas)
- involved in many CNS processes including analgesia

Question 5

explain the dynorphins

Answer 5

• produced from prodynorphin
• synthesis is widespread in brain (amygdala, hippocampus,
  (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus)
• involved in many CNS processes including analgesia

Question 6

explain the Loperamide

Answer 6

does not cross the blood brain barrier (P-glycoprotein)
- agonist at the Mu opioid receptor in the myenteric plexus
- decreases activity of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
of the intestine (peristaltic contraction)

Question 7

give the name of the opioids and their strength

Answer 7

morphine , codeine, oxycoden, fentalyn

Question 8

what does Morphine drives from

Answer 8

Originally derived from the opium poppy

Question 9

what does Codeine drive from

Answer 9

Also originally derived from the opium poppy
- Used for mild-to-moderate pain, often post-surgery
- Often formulated in combination with an OTC analgesic (e.g. NSAID)