bipolar Flashcards
what are three types of the bipolar disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
(2) Bipolar II Disorder
(3) Cyclothymic Disorder
what is the bipolar disorder
cycling changes in mood episodes, energy, ability to function
what are the mood episodes of the bipolar
mood episodes may be manic, hypomanic, or depressive
what are the signs of the bipolar I disorder
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood, for at least 1 week
(ii) at least three symptoms for a manic episode
(iii) sufficiently severe to impair social life or employment, or to
require hospitalization
(iv) not the result of a substance (e.g. medication) or medical condition
give three symptoms of the manic episode
inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative
- flight of ideas, thoughts are racing
- distractibility
- increased goal-directed activity
- increased risky behaviour
whay are sign of the bipolar II disorder
at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode.
(ii) there has never been a manic episode
(iii) the depressive and hypomanic episodes are not better explained
by a schizophrenia disorder or any other psychiatric disorder
(iv) the depression or alternation between states causes significant
impairment to social life or employment
describe the Hypomanic episode:
- similar symptoms as a manic episode but less severe
- only 4 days in a row and still able to function
what are the symptoms for the Cyclothymic Disorder
– over two years:
(i) many periods with symptoms of hypomanic and depressive episodes,
but not severe enough to meet criteria for “episodes”
(ii) symptoms have lasted at least half the time and have never stopped
for more than two months
what are two of the neuropathology of the bipolar disorder
Neurotransmitter dysfunction
Cellular dysfunction
which neurotransmitters are dis-functioned in the bipolar disorder? and how their function is impaired
Dopamine: hypothesis for cyclical up/down regulation
DA signalling is increased during manic episodes
DA receptors and G-protein coupling increased in patients
Glutamate: increased signalling during manic episode
GABA: decreased in patients
what are signs of the Cyclothymic Disorder
– over two years:
(i) many periods with symptoms of hypomanic and depressive episodes,
but not severe enough to meet criteria for “episodes”
(ii) symptoms have lasted at least half the time and have never stopped
for more than two months
explain cellular dysfunction in the bipolar disorder?
Cellular dysfunction
Calcium: altered levels in patient CSF during manic episode
CACNA1C gene and Cav1.2
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β): dysregulated in patients and
identified in GWAS
Oxidative metabolism: mitochondrial function compromised in patients
- many GWAS genes are mitochondrial and downregulated
- likely involves oxidative stress (DNA damage, apoptosis,
accelerated telomere shortening)
what is the treatment for the emotional/ cognitive imbalance in the bipolar disorder?
cognitive behavioural therapy
what is the Hypomanic episode:
- similar symptoms as a manic episode but less severe
- only 4 days in a row and still able to function
what is the treatment altered monoamineragic activity
atypical anti psychotics
