One Note - impacts of volcanic activity

Question 1

name the primary volcanic hazards

Answer 1

• Pyroclastic flow primary
• Lava flow primary
• Volcanic gas primary
• Tephra primary

Question 2

name the secondary volcanic hazards

Answer 2

• Lahar secondary
• Flooding secondary
• Tsunami secondary
• Acid rain secondary

Question 3

how much did the 2010 Iceland eruption cost to global GDP and why?

Answer 3

$5 bn cost to global GDP and air traffic halt

Question 4

how many volcanos are active in iceland?

Answer 4

35

Question 5

what are the short term responses to volcanos?

Answer 5

evacuating people

shelters

deploying emergency services

Question 6

what are the medium term responses to volcanos?

Answer 6

relief efforts

aid

initial recovery

Question 7

what are the long term responses to volcanos?

Answer 7

risk management

preparedness

mitigation

adaptation

prevention

hazard maps for evacuation strategies

monitoring so we can predict

Question 8

example of evacuating people?

Answer 8

Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991)

Over 60,000 people were evacuated before the massive eruption, which significantly reduced the death toll. The government coordinated evacuations based on scientific monitoring of the volcano’s activity.

Question 9

example of shelters?

Answer 9

Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Emergency shelters were set up for tens of thousands of displaced residents. These shelters provided temporary housing, food, and medical assistance.

Question 10

example of aid?

Answer 10

Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991)

The USAID provided emergency aid, including healthcare, food, and rebuilding materials for communities affected by pyroclastic flows and ashfall.

Question 10

example of deploying emergency services?

Answer 10

Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland (2010)

Emergency services were deployed to assist in evacuations, provide first aid, and monitor air quality, especially with the ash cloud affecting nearby regions. Emergency workers also supported locals in safeguarding livestock.

Question 11

example of initial recovery, water supplies?

Answer 11

Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo (2002)

In the aftermath, NGOs like the International Red Cross helped restore water supplies and prevent the spread of waterborne diseases by setting up purification stations.

Question 11

example of relief efforts?

Answer 11

Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Following the eruption, local and international organizations provided relief aid, including temporary shelters, food, and clothing for displaced people.

Question 12

example of preparedness?

Answer 12

Mount Etna, Italy

Regular emergency drills and public awareness campaigns educate the local population about how to respond in case of an eruption, reducing fatalities during volcanic events.

Question 13

example of risk management?

Answer 13

Mount Vesuvius, Italy

A detailed risk management plan was implemented to assess and map zones of risk, restrict development in high-risk areas, and prepare evacuation routes.

Question 13

example of adaptation?

Answer 13

Sakurajima, Japan

Locals have adapted by building reinforced structures and growing specific crops that are less vulnerable to ashfall from frequent eruptions.

Question 14

example of mitigation?

Answer 14

Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Engineering solutions like lava diversion barriers and strengthened riverbanks were used to control lahar flows and reduce future flood risks.

Question 15

example of prevention?

Answer 15

Heimaey, Iceland (1973)

During the eruption, seawater was pumped onto the advancing lava flow to cool and solidify it, preventing the lava from destroying the island’s harbor.

Question 16

example of hazard maps and evacuation strategies?

Answer 16

Mount Taal, Philippines

Hazard maps of Taal’s high-risk areas were created and evacuation strategies designed to quickly move residents away from danger zones during volcanic unrest.

Question 17

example of monitoring and prediction?

Answer 17

Mount Rainier, USA

They closely monitors seismic activity, gas emissions, and ground deformation to predict potential eruptions and provide early warnings.