oncology 2

Question 1

what nervous system responds to mild-to moderate superficial cancer pain? and what are the signs?

Answer 1

sympathetic nervous system

signs: hypertension, tachycardia, and tachypnea

KEY: HYPERTENSION AND TACHYCARDIA

Question 2

what nervous system responds to severe or visceral pain? what are the signs?

Answer 2

parasympathetic nervous system

signs: hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, tachypnea, weakness, or fainting

KEY: HYPOTENSION AND BRADYCARDIA

Question 3

how can you achieve a balance analgesia and side affects for pain control?

Answer 3

opioid rotation

(changing to an equivalent dose of an alternative opioid)

Question 4

what is directly caused by tumor invasion or indirectly as a side effect of cytotoxic drug therapy?

Answer 4

cancer neuropathic pain

Question 5

how can you treat cancer neuropathic pain?

Answer 5

infrared light therapy
anti-depressant drugs
anti-epileptics
steroids

Question 6

what is a distressing, persistent, and subjective sense of tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer or cancer treatment?

Answer 6

cancer related fatigue

Question 7

what is called when tumors produce signs and symptoms at a site distant from the tumor or its metastasized sites?

Answer 7

paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 8

what is an example of paraneoplastic syndrome in lung cancer?

Answer 8

proximal leg weakness

Question 8

what level of prevention is epigenetics and why?

Answer 8

primary prevention

screens to identify high risk people and subsequent reduction or elimination of modifiable risk factors

Question 9

what level of prevention is nutrigenomics?

Answer 9

primary prevention

prevent cancer through the impact of nutrition on gene structure and stability

Question 10

what level of prevention is chemoprevention?

Answer 10

primary prevention

the use of agents to inhibit and reverse cancer, has focused on diet derived agents

Question 11

what level of prevention is cancer vaccine?

Answer 11

primary prevention

Question 12

what level of prevention is aimed at preventing morbidity and mortality using screening, early detection, and prompt treatment?

Answer 12

secondary prevention

Question 13

what level of prevention focuses on managing symptoms, limiting complications, and preventing disability associated with cancer or its treatment?

Answer 13

tertiary prevention

Question 14

what does the biologic tumor marker CEA indicate?

Answer 14

large bowel, stomach, pancreas, lungs, and breasts malignancy

Question 15

what does the biologic tumor marker PSA indicate?

Answer 15

prostatic cancer

Question 16

what type of diagnosis provides additional information for the oncologist in determining aggressiveness of the tumor, potential response to treatment, and prediction of risk for cancer diagnosis with a family?

Answer 16

molecular profiling

Question 17

what type of diagnosis is the following examples:

immunohistochemistry
gene expression by microarray
fluorescence in situ hybrid
DNA sequencing via PCR

Answer 17

molecular profiling

Question 18

when is chemotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment?

Answer 18

before surgery (shrink tumor before removing)

Question 19

when is chemotherapy in adjuvant therapy?

Answer 19

after surgery

Question 20

when are most sensitive to radiation therapy in the cell cycle?

Answer 20

G2

Question 21

when are stem cells resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the cell cycle?

Answer 21

G0

Question 22

what is the primary mechanism of chemotherapy?

Answer 22

interferes with the synthesis or function of DNA targeting cells in the growth phase and therefore does not kill all cells

Question 23

what is the cytotoxic strategy?

Answer 23

limit cell proliferation by killing the growth of cancerous cells

inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis

affect cancerous cells to a greater extent than normal cells

Question 24

what is the growth fraction?

Answer 24

the % of proliferating cells relative to total neoplastic cell population

it typically decreases as tumor gets larger because less blood flow and nutrient supply to the tumor

Question 25

explain what cell kill hypothesis is.

Answer 25

each round of chemo will kill a certain % of cancerous cells

if chemo can reduce the tumor to a certain size, the immune system can deal with the remaining