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internal med unit 2 > immune system 1 > Flashcards

immune system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what group is monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells?

A

innate immune system

(ALL PHILS)

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2
Q

what type of cells are in the adaptive immune system?

A

B and T cells (lymphocytes)

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3
Q

what cells are grouped into a combination of adaptive and innate immune system?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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4
Q

What are neutrophils classified as?

A

phagocytes
granulocytes

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5
Q

during acute inflammation, neutrophils….

  1. ___ dramatically in number
  2. ___ to arrive at sites
  3. constitute a major line of defense against ____
A

increase
first cells
pus forming bacteria

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6
Q

how many lobes do neutrophils have?

A

3-5

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7
Q

how many lobes do the monocytes have?

A

2

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8
Q

where do monocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

in response to infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues then mature into….

A

macrophages

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10
Q

what do monocytes and macrophages do?

A

filter the debris produced by neutrophils and kill any damaged, but not dead, bacteria or bacteria that are too large for neutrophils to eliminate

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11
Q

what are eosinophils involved in?

A

allergic responses and parasitic infections

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12
Q

eosinophils only surround the pathogens if…

A

they are too large for neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate

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13
Q

eosinophils release what three granules?

A

histamine (vasodilator)
heparin (anticoagulant)
cytokines (inflammatory reactions)

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14
Q

what granulocytes are involved in allergic responses?

A

basophils

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15
Q

what complications are mast cells involved with?

A

allergic responses
anaphylaxis
wound healing and against invading pathogens

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16
Q

what do mast cells do to blood vessels?

A

dilate blood vessels

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17
Q

what do basophils and mast cells do to the blood vessels?

A

increase the blood supply and recruit more phagocytes to the site of infection

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18
Q

B cells (lymphocytes) mature in what structure of the body?

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

what do B lymphocytes produce to neutralize invading pathogens?

A

antibodies

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20
Q

where are T cells produced in and where do they mature?

A

bone marrow
mature in the thymus

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21
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocytes?

A

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

where are the mature natural killer cells?

A

blood and spleen

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23
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

kill the cells infected with viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells, and tumor cells

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24
Q

what are the three steps for natural killer cells to carry out its function?

A
  1. localized to infected tissues in response to inflammatory cytokines
  2. release cytotoxic granules –> create pores –> activate a programmed death cascade
  3. release more cytokines to recruit macrophages and initiate adaptive immunity
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25
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

readily ingest pathogens and kill them to protect against infection

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26
Q

what are two types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils
monocytes

27
Q

how long do neutrophils live?

A

short lived: 2-3 days

28
Q

what type of macrophage is a neutrophil (granulocyte or non-granulocyte)?

A

granulocyte

29
Q

how long does a monocyte live?

A

persist for months or years

30
Q

is a monocyte a granulocyte or non-granulocyte?

A

non-granulocyte

31
Q

what causes a decrease number of phagocytic leukocytes?

A

radiotherapy or chemotherapy

32
Q

what happens if there is a decrease in the number of phagocytic leukocytes?

A

susceptible to infection

33
Q

what are three major types of cells that place a peptide on their MHC class II complex and present to T helper cells?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
  3. B cells
34
Q

what is another name for CD8+?

A

cytotoxic cells

35
Q

what is another name for helper T cell?

A

CD4+ cells

36
Q

Class I MHC can be recognized by what cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

37
Q

Class II can be recognized by what cells?

A

helper T cells (CD4+)

38
Q

what are three examples of first line of defense?

A

chemical barriers
mechanical barriers
reflexes

39
Q

what are four examples of second line of defense?

A

protective proteins
natural killer cells
inflammation and fever
phagocytes

40
Q

what are three examples of third line of defense?

A

T cells
B cells
antibodies

41
Q

what kind of defense is the following:

skin
mucus
peristalsis
coughing
sneezing
stomach acid
cerumen
tears
saliva

A

external defenses

42
Q

what are soluble factors of internal defenses?

A

complement system
cytokines
chemokines
acute phase proteins

43
Q

what are cellular components of internal defenses?

A

neutrophils
monocytes/macrophages
natural killer cells

44
Q

what line of defense is inflammatory response and what does it do?

A

second line of defense

vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow and decrease blood velocity

45
Q

what happens to permeability with increased vasodilation? and then what follows?

A

increases and WBC migrate across the vessel walls (diapedesis)

cellular debris and fluid eventually drains through the lymphatic system

46
Q

what do B cells produce?

A

antibodies

47
Q

what do the generation of a diverse T cell repertoire depend on?

A

rearrangement of genes

48
Q

what is the principal function of cell-mediated immunity?

A

destruction of microbes that are able to survive in the cytoplasm or phagocytic vesicles of infected cells

49
Q

what is the pathway of development for T cells?

A

bone marrow
thymus gland
secondary lymphoid organs

50
Q

what are helper T cells called?

A

CD4+ lymphocytes

51
Q

HIV infection results in the gradual decline of what cells?

A

CD4+

52
Q

what are the effector cells called?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

53
Q

what do CD8+ cells do?

A

control viral infections by directly killing virally infected cells and producing cytokines that inhibit viral replication

54
Q

what cells prevent inappropriate responses against self-antigens of the host or commensal microorganisms?

A

regulatory T lymphocytes

55
Q

what are antibodies present in different bodily fluids or secretions, such as saliva, blood, or vaginal secretions part of?

A

humoral immunity

B cells

56
Q

what are the first two steps of B cell development and the last step?

A

bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organ

plasma cells IGM and memory B cells

57
Q

what are the phases of the immune response in order (5)?

A
  1. recognition phase
  2. amplification phase
  3. effector phase
  4. termination phase
  5. memory
58
Q

exercise triggers a rise in blood levels of ______ ?

A

neutrophils

59
Q

if exercise goes beyond 30 minutes, a second or delayed, rise in PMNs or neutrophils occurs over the next _____?

A

2-4 hours

60
Q

what happens if you exercise in high intensity above 80% of VO2 max?

A

it can suppress immune function and damage enough tissue to evoke the acute phase response in human beings

61
Q

regular exercise is associated with what positive factors?

A

enhanced responses to vaccinations

lower numbers of exhausted T cells, circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory response to bacterial challen

increase T cell proliferative comapcity

longer leukocyte telomere lengths

delay in apoptosis

62
Q

what is the neck check?

A

checking if there are symptoms located above the neck (stuffy or runny nose, sneezing or scratchy throat)

63
Q

if there are symptoms above the next, how should the schedule workout be performed?

A

at half speed

if after 10 minutes, the symptoms are alleviated, the workout can be finished at the usual amount of frequency

internal med unit 2 (9 decks)

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