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internal med unit 2 > immune system 2 > Flashcards

immune system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four inaccurate responses of the immune system?

A
  1. Immunodeficiency
  2. Overexpression to a substance or hypersensitivity
  3. Alloimmunity
  4. Autoimmunity
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2
Q

what is immunodeficiency?

A

inadequacy to protect the host

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3
Q

what is alloimmunity?

A

transfusion or transplantation

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4
Q

what is autoimmunity?

A

reacting to the host’s own cells

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5
Q

a primary immunodeficiency has a defect in what bodily structures?

A

T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues

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6
Q

what is an example of a primary immunodeficiency?

A

inherited defects in the genesis of the immune system

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7
Q

what does a secondary immunodeficiency result from?

A

an underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response

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8
Q

what is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency?

A

infection
aging
malnutrition
chemotherapy
autoimmune disorders
immunosupression

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9
Q

three main avenues of transmission of AIDS?

A

contaminated blood
sexual activity
maternal to child

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10
Q

what are high risk behaviors for contracting AIDS?

A

unprotected sex

six or more sexual partners in the past year

sex with someone with HIV

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11
Q

what type of virus is HIV?

A

RNA virus or retrovirus

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12
Q

what is the core of the HIV virus surrounded by?

A

lipid bilayer envelope containing the glycoprotein spikes

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13
Q

what type of human cells do HIV infect and destroy?

A

human T4 lymphocytes
macrophages
B cells
dendritic cells
microglial cells

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14
Q

HIV-1 is more readily transmitted than what other virus?

A

HIV-2

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15
Q

what is the time frame for an acute infection of AIDS?

A

1-6 weeks

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of an acute infection of AIDS?

A

swelling of lymph nodes
antibody tests remain negative

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17
Q

what is the time frame for an asymptomatic infection of AIDS?

A

1-20 years

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18
Q

what is the CD4 count for an asymptomatic for HIV?

A

500 cells/mm^3 or more

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19
Q

what are some hallmarks signs of infection for an asymptomatic with HIV?

A

positive antibody tests
HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

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20
Q

what is seroconversion?

A

emergence of HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

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21
Q

what is the CD4 count of a symptomatic individual with HIV?

A

between 200 and 500

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22
Q

what are some symptoms of a symptomatic individual with HIV?

A

adenopathy
nonspecific symptoms (diarrhea, weight loss, night sweats, and fevers
neurological symptoms

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23
Q

what is the CD4 count of an advanced person with HIV?

A

200 or less

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24
Q

what is the name of a type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IGE mediated reaction

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25
Q

what is the rate of development for type 1?

A

immediate

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26
Q

what is the class of the antibody involved in type 1?

A

IgE

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27
Q

what are the principle effect or cells involved in type 1?

A

Mast cells

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28
Q

Is there complement participation in type 1?

A

No

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29
Q

What are some example disorders of type 1?

A

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

30
Q

What is the name of type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Tissue specific reaction

31
Q

what is the rate of development for type 2?

A

Immediate

32
Q

What is the class antibody involved in type 2?

A

IgG
IgM

33
Q

What is a principle effect or cells involved in Type 2?

A

macrophages in tissues

34
Q

is there complement participation in type 2?

A

Frequently

35
Q

What are example disorders of type 2?

A

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Insulin resistant diabetes
Myasthenia gravis

36
Q

What is the name of type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex mediated reaction

37
Q

What class of antibody is involved in type 3?

A

IgG
IgM

38
Q

What principle effect or cells are involved in type 3?

A

Neutrophils

39
Q

Is there complement participation in type 3?

A

Yes

40
Q

What are example disorders of type 3?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

41
Q

What is the name of type 4 hypersensitivity ?

A

Cell mediated reaction

42
Q

What is the rate of development of type 4?

A

Delayed

43
Q

What is the class antibody involved in type 4?

A

None

44
Q

Is there complement participation in class 4?

A

No

44
Q

What is the principal effect or cells involved in type 4?

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophages

45
Q

what is an example of disorders for type 4?

A

contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)

46
Q

what type of immunologic mechanism is an alloimmune reaction or an incompatible blood transfusion?

A

type 2

47
Q

what are the most common tissues affected in type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

kidneys, joints, skin, and blood vessels

48
Q

what is an example of immune complex mediated disease?

A

systemic lupus erthematosus

49
Q

which immunologic mechanism is a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

type 4

50
Q

when does type 4 occur?

A

in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen

51
Q

type 4 occurs in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen in the form of…

A

cosmetics
topical medications
adhesives
poison ivy
latex sensitivity
tb test

52
Q

what are four T cell mediated diseases (type 4)?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
multiple sclerosis
type 1 diabetes mellitus
hashimoto
inflammatory bowel disease

53
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

the body fails to distinguish self from non-self, causing the immune system to direct immune responses against normal tissue and become self destructive

54
Q

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease:

localized tissue damage occurs resulting from the presence of specific autoantibodies

A

hashimoto disease

55
Q

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease:

the lesion tends to be localized in one organ, but the antibodies are non organ specific

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

56
Q

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease:

non-organ specific diseases in which lesions and antibodies are widespread throughout the body and not limited to one target organ?

A

SLE (lupus)

57
Q

what are four examples of organ specific autoimmune disease?

A

diabetes mellitus type 1
graves disease
hashimoto disease
PBC

58
Q

what are three examples of systemic autoimmune disease?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
Myasthenia gravis
multiple sclerosis

59
Q

what are some factors of autoimmune disease?

A

genetic
hormonal
environmental factors
-chemicals
-toxins
-sunlight
-drugs
Viruses
stress
cross reactive bodies

60
Q

what is immunologic tolerance?

A

the unresponsiveness of certain antigens induced by their exposure to lymphocytes

61
Q

what is self-tolerance?

A

lack of recognition and responsiveness to one’s own tissue antigens

62
Q

what is loss of self-tolerance

A

autoimmunity

63
Q

what is central tolerance?

A

immature lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens during their maturation in central lymphoid organs

64
Q

what happens to immature lymphocytes?

A

killed by apoptosis

65
Q

what is peripheral tolerance?

A

mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens become either anergic or suppressed by regulatory t cells or undergo apoptosis

66
Q

what is molecular mimicry

A

viruses and microbes share cross reacting epitopes with self antigens where microbial antigens tend to attack self-tissues

67
Q

what does discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) affect?

A

the skin (face, neck and scalp)

68
Q

what does systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) affect?

A

any organ or system of the body

69
Q

which one is more severe? SLE or DLE?

A

SLE

70
Q

what can enhance the probability of graft acceptance?

A

HLA matching

71
Q

what type of reaction is graft rejection or allergic reaction to a transplant?

A

type IV

internal med unit 2 (9 decks)

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