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internal med unit 2 > oncology 1 > Flashcards

oncology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of cells is differentiation altered and lost completely?

A

malignant cells

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2
Q

the _____ differentiated a tumor becomes, the ______ metastasis occurs, and the ________ the prognosis is

A

less
faster
worse

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3
Q

what is the disorganization of cells in which an adult cells varies from its normal size, shape, or organization

A

dysplasia

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4
Q

what is the first level of dysplasia?

A

metaplasia (early dysplasia)

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5
Q

what is the reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another?

A

metaplasia

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6
Q

what does meta- mean?

A

change or alteration

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7
Q

what is the loss of cellular differentiation?

A

anaplasia

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8
Q

what is the most advanced from of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease?

A

anaplasia

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9
Q

what is the increased number of cells in tissue?

A

hyperplasia

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10
Q

what is neoplastic hyperplasia?

A

the increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process

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11
Q

what is a localized, pre-invasive, and possibly premalignant tumor of epithelial tissue?

A

carcinoma in situ

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12
Q

where the tumors of carcinoma in situ contained?

A

in the host organ and have not broken through basement membrane

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13
Q

what are the steps in cancer development?

A

cell mutation

hyperplasia

dysplasia

in situ cancer

invasive cancer

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14
Q

what are neoplasms classified by?

A

cell type
tissue of origin
degree of differentiation
anatomic site
benign or malignant

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15
Q

what is stage 0 of cancer?

A

carcinoma in situ

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16
Q

what is stage 1 of cancer?

A

early stage, local cancer

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17
Q

what is stage 2 of cancer?

A

increased risk of spread because of tumor size

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18
Q

what is stage 3 of cancer?

A

local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions

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19
Q

what is stage IV of cancer?

A

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

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20
Q

what is Tx?

A

primary tumor cannot be assessed

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21
Q

what is T0?

A

no evidence of primary tumor

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22
Q

what is TIS?

A

carcinoma in situ (confined to site of origin)

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23
Q

what is T1, T2, T3, T4?

A

progressive increase in tumor size and involvement locally

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24
Q

What is T?

A

primary tumor

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25
Q

what is Nx?

A

nodes cannot be assessed

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26
Q

what is N0?

A

no metastasis to regional lymph nodes

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27
Q

what is N1, N2, N3?

A

increasing degrees of involvement of regional lymph nodes

28
Q

what is N?

A

regional lymph nodes

29
Q

what is M?

A

distant metastasis

30
Q

what is Mx?

A

presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed

31
Q

what is M0?

A

no distant metastasis

32
Q

what is M1?

A

distant metastasis

33
Q

what does a low value mean for a tumor in terms of grading?

A

lower the tumor grade, the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor

34
Q

what does a high score mean for a tumor?

A

high grade tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early

35
Q

what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer?

A

lung, breast, and colorectal

36
Q

what is the most prevalent cancer in the world?

A

lung cancer

37
Q

what are the three most common cancers for men?

A

prostate
lung and bronchus
colon and rectum

38
Q

what are the three most common cancer for women?

A

breast
lung and bronchus
colon and rectum

39
Q

the cause of cancer varies, and causative agents are generally subdivided into which two categories?

A

endogenous (genetic)

exogenous (environmental)

40
Q

what are the etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell?

A

carcinogens

41
Q

what are risk factors for cancer?

A

heredity
aging
lifestyle
geographic location
ethnicity
precancerous lesions
stress

42
Q

what genes have the ability to transform normal cells into malignant cells, independently or incorporated with a virus?

A

oncogenes

43
Q

what has the opposite effect of oncogenes?

A

tumor suppressor genes

44
Q

what is the process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation?

A

carcinogenesis

45
Q

what is the progressive changes following genetic damage to or alteration of cellular DNA?

A

hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
carcinoma situ
invasive carcinoma
metastatic carcinoma

46
Q

what is immuno-surveillance supported by?

A
  1. a higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression or in immunodeficiency
  2. infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes and macrophages
  3. lymphocyte proliferation in response to tumors
  4. regression of metastases after ablation of the primary tumor
  5. immune mediate spontaneous regression of humor tumors
47
Q

why is immunity often insufficient to clear tumors? why does cancer develop in an immunocompetent individual?

A
  1. malignancies proliferate at such a rapid rate that immune defenses are simply overtaken
  2. many tumor antigens are weak immunogens, perhaps because they vary only slightly from self-antigens
  3. tumors have also evolved to evade innate and adaptive immune responses , known as immune escape
48
Q

metastasis occurs when cells break way from the primary tumor, and travel through the body via the ____ or _____ system and become trapped in the ______ of the organ

A

blood or lymphatic system

capillaries of the organs

49
Q

what are the five most common sites of metastasis?

A

lymph nodes
liver
lung
bone
brain

50
Q

where is metastasis more likely to occur as opposed to the arteries? and why?

A

veins
because the cancer cannot break through the arterial wall

51
Q

the ability of a tumor to grow beyond a very small mass depends on its ability to gain access to an adequate supply of _____ and in some cases the presence of _____ factors…

A

blood

hormones

52
Q

what are blood vessels from preexisting vessels grow into the solid tumor?

A

angiogenesis

53
Q

when does metastatic spread usually occur after initial diagnosis?

A

three to five years

54
Q

some low grade lesions can occur how long after initial diagnosis?

A

15 to 20 years later

55
Q

which areas of the body provide an environment rich in nutrition to the colonized tumor cells?

A

pulmonary sytem
hepatic system
skeletal system
central nervous sytem

56
Q

what are symptoms of lung cancer?

A

dry persistent cough
pleural pain
shortness of breath
hemoptysis

57
Q

what is pleural invasion also called?

A

pleural pain

58
Q

what is shortness of breath or dyspnea called?

A

pleural effusion

59
Q

what is bronchial tissue invasion called?

A

hemoptysis

60
Q

what type of cancer is this based on the symptoms:

abdominal or right upper quad pain
general malaise and fatigue
anorexia
early satiety and weight loss
low grade fevers

A

hepatic system or liver cancer

61
Q

what type of cancer is marked by areas of decreased bone density?

A

osteolytic type

62
Q

in osteolytic type, what is an increased bone reabsorption called?

A

hypercalcemia

63
Q

what type of cancer is appearing as areas of dense scarring and increased bone density?

A

osteoblastic type

64
Q

what is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the brain?

A

lung cancer

65
Q

how does lung cancer travel to the CNS?

A

lung via the pulmonary veins and carotid artery

internal med unit 2 (9 decks)

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