Oncology 2 Flashcards
what clinical signs would you expect to see in a dog with splenic haemangiosarcoma
haemoabdomen
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bleeding abnormalities
abdominal pain
what are the most common neoplastic causes of pericardial effusions in dogs
cardiac haemangiosarcoma
chemodectoma
What neoplastic processes can cause paraneoplastic hypercalcemia
lymphoma
anal sac adenocarcinoma
what is the most common neoplasia that causes hyperviscosity via excessive globulin production
multiple myeloma
name 2 clinical signs you could see in a male dog with hyperoestrogenism
bilateral flank alopecia
myelosuppression causing anaemia
which neoplasia is most commonly associated with the development of paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis
thymoma
define maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy
The highest dose of a medicine or treatment that will produce the desired effect without resulting in unacceptable side effects.
define metronomic chemotherapy
giving low doses of certain chemotherapeutic agents, with the intention of modifying the immune system and affecting the development of new blood vessels
which immunophenotype of lymphoma is more commonly seen in dogs
B cell lymphoma
What would you expect to be more commonly affected in a feline patient with lymphoma, lymph nodes or organs
organs
why do tumours get a centre of necrosis
blood vessels go to the growing rim of the tumour and the centre dies
Via what mechanism is it thought that pre-treatment with steroids reduces the responsiveness of lymphoma to chemotherapy
it induces upregulation of p-glycoprotein. P-glycoprotein is a drug exporter and so reduces the amount of chemotherapy that remains in the lymphoma cells, increasing drug resistance.
what are paraneoplastic syndromes
Symptoms that cannot be explained by the local or distant spread of the tumor commonly caused by substances released from the tumor or an immune response triggered by the tumor
List the 2 grading systems for MCTs
kiupel
patnaik
what is multiagent chemotherapy
using different chemicals that target different areas in order to create a well rounded chemotherapy plan
List the side effects of chemotherapy
affects rapidly dividing tissues
Bone marrow - neutrophils, RBCs, Platelets
fur/whiskers
GI tract
why do we need a first stick catheter in order to give chemotherapy
otherwise the chemo agent can leak into the leg and cause necrosis - this can lead to loss of the leg
what is extravasation
escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
why do we give cyclophosphamide with furosemide
cyclophosphamide can lead to sterile haemorrhagic cystitis - if we give with furosemide, it encourages urination and reduces the chances of cystitis
what tumours are TKIs used for
TKI= tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mast cell tumours but can be used off license for other tumours
List the side effects of TKIs
vomiting
diarrhoea
myelosuppression and PLN
what is one type of cancer that always responds very well to chemotherapy
lymphoma
which type of lymphoma is easier to treat, T cell of B cell
B cell lymphoma
how many lymphoma stages are there
5
List how to test for lymphoma
cytology
histopathology
flow cytometry
IHC= immunohistochemistry
why is IHC used for lymphomas
it differentiates between B cell and T cell lymphoma on histopathology by staining for specific receptors
why is flow cytometry used for lymphomas
it differentiates between B cell and T cell lymphoma on cytology
why do we not give cats doxorubicin
it can cause severe renal issues
why do you want to either commit to steroids or commit to chemotherapy
dogs treated with steroids before attempting chemotherapy have a worse prognosis
