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5-SA-Haematology and Oncology > Blood sampling in small mammals and exotic species > Flashcards

Blood sampling in small mammals and exotic species Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of circulating blood can you safely take from a rabbit

A

circulatory volume= 55-70ml/kg
can take 10%

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2
Q

what blood tubes do you use for bio/haem in rabbits

A

Haem- EDTA
Biochem- serum
glucose- fluoride oxalate

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3
Q

T/F rabbit blood is slow to clot

A

False- clots quickly

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4
Q

list the locations you can use for rabbit venipuncture

A

jugular
cephalic
saphenous
marginal ear vein

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5
Q

What do you need to consider when taking blood sample from rabbit marginal ear vein

A

Pinna necrosis if poor/rough technique, but smaller area effected compared to artery.

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6
Q

describe how to take blood sample from rabbit jugular

A

similar o in cat
dewlap can get in way
restraint may inhibit respiration

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7
Q

what can using poor/ rough technique when taking jugular blood sample in rabbit result in

A

can cause blindness in ipsilateral eye

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7
Q

what percentage of blood volume should you take rom guinea pig

A

1% BW rule
Limit blood sample size if anaemic or in circulatory shock.

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8
Q

where should you use for venipuncture in guinea pigs

A

cephalic vein
cranial vena cava most useful for large blood draws- CARE

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9
Q

what is different about guinea pig cephalic vein

A

more lateral

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10
Q

how much blood can you take in
Rat, Mouse Gerbil & Hamster

A

1% BW rule
60-70 ml/kg

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11
Q

list the locations you can use to get blood from in
Rat, Mouse Gerbil & Hamster

A

lateral tail vein
lateral saphenous vein
cranial vena cava

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12
Q

list the locations to get a blood sample from ferrets

A

jugular (more lateral compared to cats)
cranial vena cava

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13
Q

list the locations to get a blood sample from in hedgehogs

A

cranial vena cava
jugular vein
femoral vein

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14
Q

T/F need GA to get blood sample from hedgehogs

A

True

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15
Q

what considerations do you need to make when performing cranial vena cava method in small mammals

A

in some species (e.g. guinea pig, hedgehog) the heart lies close to sample site
anaesthesia is essential

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16
Q

list 3 reasons why can taking a blood sample from reptiles be hard

A

most veins are not visible
lymphatic system closely associated - possible contamination of blood samples
low blood pressure and blood draws slowely

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17
Q

what can happen when using EDTA with reptile blood

A

haemolyse reptile red blood cells.

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18
Q

what is the anticoagulant of choice in reptiles

A

lithium heparin

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19
Q

describe how to perform blood sample in lizard using ventral coccygeal vein

A

Entry approximately 1/3rd down the tail to avoid hemipenes and anal glands
Ventral or lateral approach may be used

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20
Q

what is the most useful vein to take blood sample from in lizards

A

ventral coccygeal vein

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21
Q

why do you need to be careful taking blood sample from ventral tail vein in some species

A

tail autotomy in some species especially Geckos
General anaesthesia helps prevent the problem

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22
Q

List 3 locations you can take a blood sample from in lizards

A

ventral coccygeal vein
ventral abdominal vein
jugular vein

23
Q

list the sites you can use for blood sampling snakes

A

ventral coccygeal vein
heart
palatine veins

24
Q

describe how to take blood sample from heart in snakes

A

GA
locate heart visually with US or doppler
Stabilise heart between finger and thumb
Needle entry ventral midline at a 30 degree angle in a cranial direction

25
Q

list the locations you can take a blood sample from in chelonians

A

jugular vein
sub-carapacial vein
dorsal coccygeal vein

26
Q

describe how to take jugular sample in chelonians

A

Along line from dorsal ear scale to shoulder
Tends to be superficial

27
Q

describe how to take Sub-Carapacial Vein sample in chelonians

A

Entry point craniodorsal midline where skin joins carapace
Aim for point at junction of 1st & 2nd vertebral scute on midline

28
Q

What is different about rabbit erythrocytes

A

Anisocytosis and polychromasia is a common, normal finding

29
Q

what is the normal heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in rabbits

A

1:1

30
Q

what will you see in response to stress/ disease in rabbits

A

The total white cell count rarely increases, instead the neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio changes

31
Q

what is a Kurloff cell

A

produced by the thymus under oestrogen stimulation. Resembles lymphocyte with round to oval inclusions
seen in guinea pigs

32
Q

T/F ferret WBC generally low

A

True

33
Q

how long does it take for erythrocyte losses to be replaced in reptiles

A

4 months

34
Q

what is different about reptile erythrocytes

A

they are nucleated

35
Q

what is the predominate cell type in reptiles

A

heterophils

36
Q

what happens to heterophil levels through out the year

A

increase in summer, decrease during hibernation

37
Q

what are heterophils

A

equivalent to mammalian neutrophils

38
Q

List 4 things that can cause lymphopenia in reptiles

A

malnutrition
stress
immunosuppression
poor husbandry

39
Q

List 4 reasons for lymphocytosis in reptiles

A

inflammation
parasitic and viral disease
wound healing
ecdysis

40
Q

what species are azurophils found in

A

reptiles- more common in snakes

41
Q

List 2 things that can cause Monocytosis & Azurophilia

A

inflammation
granulomatous disease

42
Q

what is the cell you will see most on snake blood smear

A

azurophils

43
Q

List 3 things we need to consider when taking blood sample from birds

A

Veins are generally very superficial.
Veins are very fragile and prone to haematoma formation.
Post-sampling haemorrhage and haematoma formation is potentially life-threatening.

44
Q

How much blood volume can you take from bird

A

up to 10%
if in poor health= less

45
Q

what blood tubes do you use in birds

A

haem- Lithium heparin
biochem- lith heparin

46
Q

why do you need to be careful when restraining birds

A

if hold thorax to hard then they can’t breath

47
Q

how to reduce the risk of haematomas in birds

A

GA
releives stress to bird and lowers BP

48
Q

List the 3 locations we can use for blood sampling in birds

A

jugular
ulnar/basilic vein
medial metatarsal vein

49
Q

describe how o restrain birds

A

Secure head between 1st and 2nd fingers of left hand, use thumb to raise vein

50
Q

what are the risks of using ulnar/ basilic vein in birds

A

Potential to fracture wing if performed conscious.
Haematomas are common and can be severe.

51
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs in a bird

A

Birsa of Fabricius
Thymus

52
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs in birds

A

spleen
intestinal lymphoid tissue
bone marrow

53
Q

where is the Bursa of Fabricius located

A

Unique to birds
is a dorsal diverticulum in the proctodeum (the third, distal-most chamber of the avian cloaca)

54
Q

What is different about avian erythrocytes

A

they are nucleated

55
Q

Describe avian thrombocytes

A

nucleated
phagocytic functions
clotting function weaker compared to mammals

56
Q

Do birds have neutrophils or heterophils

A

Heterophils- function similar to mammalian neutrophils

5-SA-Haematology and Oncology (9 decks)

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