Oncology

Question 1

anaplasia

Answer 1

loss of cellular differentiation

Question 2

pleomorphic

Answer 2

marked variability of size and shape

Question 3

carcinoma in situ

Answer 3

pre-invasive epithelial tumours of glandular or squamous cell origin
1. can remain stable
2. can progress to invasive and metastatic cancer
3. can regress and disappear

Question 4

10 hallmarks/enablers of cancer

Answer 4

evading growth suppressors
evading immune destruction
enabling replicative immortality
tumour promoting inflammation
activating invasion and metastasis
genomic instability (mutator phenotype)
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
deregulating cellular energetics
sustained proliferative signalling

Question 5

2 fundamental concepts for cancer biology

Answer 5

1. Cancer is a complex genetic disease arising from multiple mutations in genetic material
2. the microenvironment of a tumour is heterogenous mixture of cells both cancerous and benign, as well as their secretions

Question 6

Tumour promotion

Answer 6

the process during which the population of cancer cells expands with diversity of cancer cell phenotypes and a gain in function

Question 7

chromosome translocations

Answer 7

large changes in chromosome structure in which a piece of one chromosome translocates to another chromosome

Question 8

gene amplification

Answer 8

the result of repeated duplication of a region of a chromosome often known as a promoter sequence where instead of normal two copies of a gene, tens or even hundres of copies are present

Question 9

driver mutation

Answer 9

drive the progression of cancer

Question 10

Warburg effect

Answer 10

use of glycolysis under normal oxygen conditions by cancer cells

Question 11

Tumour associated macrophage (TAM)

Answer 11

block Tc-cell and NK cell functions, produce cytokines that are advantageous for tumour growth and spread

Question 12

mechanism for transition to metastatic cancer cells

Answer 12

epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Question 13

Cancer Stage (1-4)

Answer 13

○ Stage 1: cancer confined to the organ of origin
○ Stage 2: cancer that is locally invasive
○ Stage 3: Cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as lymph nodes
○ Stage 4: Cancer that has spread to distant sites

Question 14

Cancer staging (T, N, M)

Answer 14

○ T: Tumor size
○ N: lymph Node status
○ M: Metastasis

Question 15

Tumor Markers

Answer 15

hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies

Question 16

3 most common cancers b/t birth and 14 years of age

Answer 16

Leukemia
brain and CNS cancers
Lymphoma

Question 17

Most childhood cancers originate from __ layer

Answer 17

mesodermal germ layer